| A | B |
|---|
| organic compounds | nearly all compounds that contain carbon, named this because many of them come from living organisms |
| inorganic compounds | mostly don't contain carbon atoms (typical ones are table salt, epsom salts, snad, and rust) |
| the overwhelming majority of compounds are organic or inorganic? | organic |
| how many electrons does a carbon have? | 6 -> 2 on first level, 4 on second and outer |
| functional groups | the special gourps of atoms that carry out characteristic chemical reactions |
| amine | functional group containing biological compouds amino acids and proteins |
| phosphate | functional group containing biological compounds nucleic acids and sugar-phosphates |
| carboxylic acid | functional group containing biological compounds fatty acids and amino acids |
| alcohol | functional group containing biological compounds carbohydrates and lipids |
| monomers | small building block molecules (literally means one part) |
| polymers | molecules formed by linking 2 or moremonomers |
| dehydration synthesis | the removal of water during the process of forming a compond |
| hydrolysis | splitting by water. breaks polymers apart |
| carbohydrates | compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in approximately a 1:2:1 ratio |
| monosaccharides | the simplest carbohydrates. simple sugars. |
| disaccharides | sugars made of 2 covalently bonded monosaccharaides |
| polysaccharides | giant polymers that consist of thousands of linked monosaccharides |
| cellulose | a support polysaccharide in plants. the most abundant orgasn |
| lipids | organic compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids |
| fats | type of lipid. compounds composed of glycerol and fatty acids. used for energy storage and insulation |
| types of lipids | fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes |
| phospholipids | lipids that contain phosphorus in the form of phosphate |
| steroids | lipds composed of four linked rings of carbon atoms |
| hormones | special chemicals produced in one part of a body that control the funtions of other parts of the boydl. some steroids are hormones |
| waxes | compounds composed of fatty acids and certain alcohols. helps to make many organisms waterproof |
| fatty acid | a compound consisting of a chain of carbon atoms with an acid group at one end |
| what is the most abundant group of lipids in organisms? | the fats |
| saturated fats | fats whose fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms |
| proteins | compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes sulfur |
| amino acid | a compound that contains an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side group |
| peptide bond | the covalent bond between the amino group of one amino acide and the carboxyl group of another amino acide |
| polypeptides | chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. proteins are polypeptides |
| functions of proteins | movement, structure, biochemical control, transport, storage, regulation, defense |
| movement | protein function. muscle contractions enable animals to move. |
| structure | protein function. collagen, most abundant protein in human body, holds body together and gives strength, flexibility, and shape to skin |
| biochemical control | protein function. special proteins called enzymes help control chemical reactions in cells |
| transport | protein function. functioning of bloodstream depends on hemoglobin - carried oxygen through bloodstream |
| storage | protein function. casein in milk stores amino acides fro use by baby animals |
| regulation | protein function. many hormones are proteins....insulin, one, controls sugar in blood |
| defense | protein function. antibodies are special defense proteins |
| enzymes | the special proteins that speed up the chemical reaction of a cell to biologically useful rates |
| catalyset | a substance that speeds up a chemical reactiuon without being changed by the reaction |
| substrate | in enzymic reactions, the reactant |
| active site (of an enzyme) | the place on the enzyme where the substrate attaches and where the reaction takes place |
| nucleic acids | large, complex molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
| nucleotide | consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a nutrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | the nucleic acid whos nucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | the nucleic acid whos nucleotides contain the sugar ribose |
| 3 differences between DNA and RNA | 1) different sugars. 2) different bases in their nucleotides 3) shape - DNA has two strands, RNA has one |
