| A | B |
|---|
| Psychology | Scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
| Gestalt | Focus on demonstrating the holistic nature of experience (how people think and perceive in wholes rather than separate elements). |
| analytic introspection | Method of self-observation used by Wundt to study conscious mental experience. |
| Behaviorism | Early school of thought that stressed investigating observable behavior. |
| Psychoanalysis | Early school of thought that stressed the exploration of unconscious motivation. |
| mental processes | Thoughts, feelings, dreams, learning, decision-making, etc. |
| roots of psychology | Philosophy and science. |
| 1879 | Formal discipline of Psychology began. |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Founder of first Psychology research lab. |
| Leipzig, Germany | Site of first Psychology research lab. |
| Wundt attracted many people to... | carry on psychological research. |
| Structuralism | Early school of thought that studied conscious experience only and sought to analyze the structure of the mind. |
| Functionalism | Early school that studied how the conscious mind helps the individual adapt. |
| Freud | First person to emphasize the role of the unconscious. |
| variable | A condition subject to change. |
| Goals | Describe, explain, predict, and control behavior. |
| Scientific Approach to Knowledge | Empirical, systematic, objective, clearly defined, accurate, precise, reliable, testable, critical. |
| Everyday Approach to Knowledge | Intuitive, casual, biased, subjective, ambiguous, imprecise, untestable, accepting. |
| Dependent | Variable that reflects the change effected by the manipulated variable. |
| Independent | The manipulated variable. |
| Quantitative | Studies in which the findings are based on statistics. |
| Idiographic | After examining the case study of an individual, researchers predict what is true of the individual to be true of the whole population. |
| Nomothetic | After examining the data of numerous subjects (all part of a representative sample), researchers predict what is true of the sample to be true of the whole population. |
| Qualitative | Studies in which the findings lack (or are not based on) statistical analysis and focus on open-ended data. |
| theory | A complex explanation based on findings from many studies. |
| hypothesis | An educated guess about the relationship between variables. |
| replicated | Experiments that have been duplicated by at least one other psychologist. |
| control | Subjects who DO NOT undergot the experimental treatment are called the __________ group. |
| survey | A set of prepared questions related to a particular topic of interest administered to subjects. |
| correlational research | Research designed to determine whether a relationship exists. |
| case study | An in depth study of an individual. |
| archival research | Systematically examining letters, manuscripts, tape recordings, video recordings, or other physical materials collected. |
| experimental research | Research designed to determine whether causality or the effects of one or more variables on others. |
| Wilhelm Wundt | __________ is often given credit for founding psychology as a distinct discipline. |
| hypothesis | A _______ must be formulated so it can be proved or disproved. |
| experimental research | ________ enables the researcher to control the situation and to eliminate the possibility that unnoticed outside factors will influence the results. |
| experiments | A control group is necessary in all _____. |
| correlation | relationship |
| median | The middle score in a set of scores arranged numerically. |
| positive correlation | A correlation in which one variable decreases as the other variable decreases. |
| negative correlation | A correlation in which the variables move in different or opposite directions. |
| mean | The most commonly used measure of central tendency. |
| mean | Arithmetic average. |
| mode | Pertaining to the following data set(10, 11, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14), the number 13. |
| positively skewed | If 10 people are asked to rate a movie and the majority of them give it a very low ratings but there are still one or two high ratings, the graph of the data will be... |
| negatively skewed | If 10 people are asked to rate a movie and the majority of them give it a very high ratings but there are still one or two low ratings, the graph of the data will be... |
| inferential statistics | Used to make generalizations from a sample to the population. |
| negative | If a high rank on one measure tends to go with a low rank on another, a ________ correlation exists (if this tendency is strong enough). |
| positive correlation | As one variable increases, the other variable increases. |
| positively skewed | hump on left, tail on right |
| negatively skewed | hump on right, tail on left |
| psychologists | Vast majority of these study common place behavior and feelings. |
| Basic science | Pursuit of knowledge for its own sake. |
| Applied science | Type aimed at solving practical problems. |
| Clinical psychology | Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders. This type cannot prescribe medicine, but typically deals with patients' whose disorders are quite severe. |
| Biopsychology | Studies relationship between physiological and psychological processes. |
| School psychology | Aims to improve the academic performance and social behavior of students in elementary, junior high, and high schools (works directly with kids). |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective | Contemporary viewpoint that emphasizes the importance of the early childhood, the role of the unconscious, and interpersonal relationships. |
| Behaviorism | School of thought that emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli on overt behavior (does not worry much about the role of the consequences of behavior). |
| Third Force | The humanistic perspective is known as the "____________" in psychology because it provided the first important alternative to the psychoanalytic and behavioral perspectives. |
| self-actualization | The humanistic perspective focuses on the human tendency toward ___________. |
| cognitive | The ___________ perspective investigates mental processes through carefully controlled experiments that measure observable behavior and responses. |
