| A | B |
|---|
| Friedrich Miescher | found that material in nucleus about 1/2 prtein and 1/2 something else (what would be DNA, he didn't know) |
| do chromosomes contain about = amounts of DNA and protein? | yes |
| What was the question about nuclei? | DNA or protein makes up the genes? |
| Frederick Griffith | discovered transformation with mice |
| What bacteria did Griffith work with? | Strepococcus pneumoniae |
| Strain S | of Strepococcus pneumoniae, has smooth mucous coat. causes pnemonia in mice |
| Strain R | of Strepococcus pneumoniae, has rough appearance, didn't cause pnemonia and no mucous coating |
| What was actually causing the pnemonia? | transformation |
| transformation | the process during which bacteria are changed by absorbing genetic material from anoutside source |
| Avery, Macleod, and McCarty | published strong evidence that DNA was the transforming factor (what was being transferred, instead of protein) |
| Hershey and Chase | american geneticists that solved question of protein or DNA through experiements with bacteriophages |
| (bacterio)phage viruses | infect and destroy bacteria. made up only of protein and DNA |
| substances Hershey and Chase used to find out DNA or protein | radioactive sulfer (found in protein, not DNA) and radioactive phosphorus (found in DNA, not protein) |
| What was the genetic material in the end of the experiment? | DNA |
| Chagraff | discovered DNA structure |
| amount of adenine equals | thymine |
| amount of cytosine equals | guanine |
| x-ray crystallography | the process of photographing DNA with x-rays. xrays pass through crystal substance and onto photographic film |
| DNA consists of long strands of what? | nucleotides |
| phosphate of one nuclotide bonds to sugar of next, forming what? | "backbone" of sugars and phosphates |
| perp. to backbone, what is attached to each sugar? | a base |
| purines | adenine and guanine. have 2 rings (loops) in their structures |
| pyrimidines | thymine and cytosine. have only one ring, smaller than purines |
| double helix model | tightly coilded, two strands wrapped around each other. TWISTED LADDER. backbones on outside, sides of ladder. bases face inwards toward center and meet in pairs, rungs of ladder. weak elec. attractions of hyd. bonds keep pairs of bases tog. |
| each base consists of what? | one purine and one pyrimidine |
| adenine always pairs with....(is compl. to) | thymine |
| cytosine always aprits with....(is compl. to) | guanine |
| replication | the process by which DNA makes copies of itself. at beginning, DNA unwinds and separates itself. |
| each single strand of parent DNA serves as what? | pattern, te,place for new compl. strand |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme that moves along separated parent DNA strands and matches bases on eachparent strand to new compl. bases |
| DNA acts as what? | blueprint for own replication |
| Beadle and Tatum | made connection between genes and enzymes |
| if mole w/ single defective enzymes, also.... | single mutated gene |
| DNA controls... | manufactiure of all cellular proteins |
| on-gene polypeptide | a gene is a region of DNA that containst he instructions for manufacture of one particular polypeptide chain |
| protein synthesis | the manufacture of proteins |
| messenger RNA | (mRNA) carries out coded instructions for protein synthesis from DNA in the nucleus to the reobsome |
| transfer RNA | (tRNA) brings the amina acids to the ribosome in the correct order so that they can be built into the new protein |
| ribosomal RNA | (rRNA) along with several proteins, makes up structure of ribosome |
| transcription | the process of transferring info from a strand of DNA to a strand of RNA |
| codon | a three-base code in DNA or mRNA (code word) |
| how many different codons can there be? | 64 |
| how many amino acids are ther? | 20 |
| whar are the bases of RNA? | A, U, G, and C |
| A | adenine |
| U | uracil |
| C | cytosine |
| G | guanine |
| T | thymine |
| process of transcription | separation of DNA, one strand drom which mRNA will be transcribed. the strand with the gene acts as template, directing sequence of nucleotides in new mRNA,. this strand of mRNA will carry instructions for protein synth. |
