| A | B |
|---|
| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space:can be changed by energy. is composed of elements(solids liquids or gases) |
| kinetic molecular theory | matter consists of tiny particles in constant motion |
| mass | amount of materials in an object |
| energy | ability to do work |
| states of matter | solids,liquids,gases,plasma |
| solids | has definite shape and volume, low energy |
| crystalline solid | has particles arranged in a regular, repeating pattern(salt crystal) |
| amorphous solid | loses its shape under certain conditions(wax,tar,glass) |
| network solids | composed of nonmetal atoms connected by a network of covalent bonds. |
| network solids | really consist of one huge molecule. ex. carbon,graphite, and diamonds |
| liquids | has definite volume but no definite shape. takes the shape of its container. more energy than a solid but less than a gas. |
| viscosity | resistance of a liquid to flow |
| high viscosity | honey,molasses |
| low viscosity | water,alcohol |
| gases | no definite shape or colume, because of distance between and the independent movement of particles |
| gases | have high energy. air at room temperature moves faster than 100mph |
| plasma | unbound nuclei and electrons. found in stars and the sun |
| law of conservation of matter | matter can't be created nor destroyed. instead it changes from one form to another. developed by Antoine Lavoisier(father of chemistry) |
| energy | no energy=no life, cellular respiration |
| kinetic energy | energy in motion, moving objects. depends on the mass of an object and its velocity |
| kineteic energy | a baseball struck by a bat has kinetic energy |
| SI unit | joules(J) |
| potential energy | energy possessed by objects through their position-stored energy(ex. water dam) |
| potential energy | scientists are mostly interested in potential energy stored in chemical bonds. without energy stored in bonds, you would have to eat all the time to keep your body going. |
| law of conservation of energy | energy is niether created nor destroyed. instead it changes from one form to another |
| converting from celsius to kelvin | K=C+273 |
| heat | a measure of the total amount of energy a substance posesses. |
| heat capacity | quantity of energy required to increase the temperature of that sample by one degree |
| specific heat | quantity of energy needed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substnace by one degree |
| specific heat | like density, it can be used to identify a substance |
| specific heat formula | quantity of energy transferred by heating divided by sample of mass x temperature change |
| matter and heat | when the specific heat of a substance is known, you can calculate the energy transferred to or from that substance by heating, provided that you also know its mass and how much its temperature changed |
| loss of heat | if the temperature change carries a negative sign |
