| A | B |
|---|
| organisms | all living things |
| biogenesis | the principal that life comes from life |
| adaptation | an inherited biological or behavior trait that increases a populations chance for survival in a specific environment |
| predator | an organism that kills and eats another organism |
| prey | the organism that is eaten |
| scientific method | in volves making predictions, designing an experiment to test those predictions, making careful observations of that experiment, and interpreting those observations |
| carbohydrates | a group of chemicals that includes sugars, starches, and cellulose. |
| lipids | a group of chemicals that includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. |
| proteins | large, complex molecules composed of many smaller molecules called amino acids. |
| nucleic acids | large, complex mulecules that contain hereditary, or gebetic, information. |
| elements | a substance that cannot be broken down by chemcal processes inot simpler substances |
| compound | a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions. |
| chemical reactions | one or more substances is changed into a new substance by breaking or forming of chemical bonds. |
| metabolism | the combination of all chemical changes that take place in an organism |
| homeostasis | the tendancy of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions |
| solutions | a uniform mixture of two or more substances |
| solute | the dissolved substance |
| solvent | the dissolving substance ina solution |
| acid | that compounds that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water |
| base | a compound that produces Hydrogen Ions (OH-) |
| cell membrane | a thin layer of lipid and protein that seperates the cells contents from its environment |
| cytoplasm | a semifluid substance made primarily of water and organic compounds |
| nucleus | contains most of the cells genetic material |
| ribosomes | makes proteins needed by cells |
| endoplasmic reticulum | an extensive membrane that produces materials for the cell |
| golgi apparatus | a series of flat, membrane-bound sacs where molecules are stored, often modified, packaged, and distributed to their destination |
| lysosomes | contains digestive enzymes that help break down large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. |
| mitochondria | to change the energy stored in food compounds inot a form useful for the cell--the energy storing molecule adenine triphosphate (ATP). |
| nucleolus | a specialized organelle in the nuleus of cells; site of ribosome production |
| cilia | short, hair-like projections that usually occur in large numbers on the surface of certain cells |
| flagella | long, tail-like projections. |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane |
| diffusion | the random movement of molecules from an are of higher concentration(more molecules) to an area of lower concentration (less molecules) |
| semipermeable | lets certain molecules pass through and prevents other molecules from crossing. |
| concentration gradient | the difference between the concentration of a particular molecule in one area and its concentration in a neighboring area |
| active transport | uses cellular energy to move substances across a cell membrane |
| passive transport | the movement of a substance across a cell membrane without the imput of the cell's energy |
| ATP | cjief energy-storing molecule used by organisms |
| autotrophs | organisms that can make food from carbon dioxide and anenergy source such as sunlight |
| heterotrophs | organismsthat cannot make their own foods |
| Photosysthesis | the process by which autotrophs convert sunlight to a usable form of energy |
| pigment | a molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects others |
| chlorophyll | the most common and important ofthese photosynthetic pigments |
| chloroplasts | an organelle that performs photosysthesis |
| cellular respiration | the process by which glucose molecules are broken down to release energy |
| Krebs Cycle | a set of reactions that breaks down acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs Cycle |
| electron transport | process by which energy is transfered from NADH and FADH2 to ATP. |
| glycolosis | the process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate and energy is released |
| interphase | the part of the cell that occurs between divisions |
| cytokenesis | the process by which a cell's cytoplasm divides to make two daughter cells |
| genetics | the scientific study of heredity |
| trait | a characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring |
| hybrid | an organism that recieves different forms of a gentic trait from each patent |
| purebred | when a plant or organism recieves the same genetic traits from both of its parents |
| dominant allele | a form of a gene that is fully expressed when two different alleles are present |
| recessive allele | a form of a gene that is not expressed when paired with a dominant allele |
| genes | sections of chromosomes that code for a trait |
| haploid | a cell with only one complete set of chromosomes |
| homologous pairs | each of the 23 pairs |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| phenotype | the outward expression of the trait |
| homozygus | an organism in which the two alleles in a gene pair are identical |
| heterozygus | an organism in which the two alleles for a particular trait are different |
| punnet square | a tool scientists use to make predictions |
| monohybrid cross | a cross with only one trait being crossed |
| dihybrid cross | a cross with two diffrent traits being crossed |
| test cross | genetics use it to breed the organism whose genotype is unknown with a homozygous recessive organism |
| pedigree | a chart that shows how a trait and the genes that control it are intherited within a family |
| carrier | an individual who carries a recessive trait that is not expressed |
| incomplete dominance | heterozygous offspring show a phenotype that is in between the phenotypes of the two homologous parents |
| codominance | both alleles in the heterozygote express themselves fully |
| polygenetic traits | a trait that is controlled by two or more genes |
| plietropy | when a single gene affects more than one trait |
| protein systhesis | process by which an organisms genotype is translated into its phenotype |
| transcription | the genetic information from a strand of DNA is copied into a strand of mRNA. |
| translation | process by which the "language" of nucleic acids |
| introns | the noncoding regoins of DNA or RNA |
| exons | the sections of DNA or RNA that do contain codes for proteins |
| codons | a three base section of the mRNA |
| anticodons | a sequence of three bases found on tRNA |
| elongation | the lengthening of the amino acid chain during protein sysnthesis |
| variation | defined as the differences between individual members of a population |
| species | consists of interbreeding populatoins of organisms that can produce healthy, fertile offspring |
| niche | a habitat and the role a population plays in that habitat |
| biodiversity | the degree of species variety and balance in an ecological community |
| fossils | the preserved remains or imprints of ancient organisms |
| gradualism | proposes that new species evolve as the genomes of two different populatoins differentiate over enormous spans of time |
| puntuated equilibrium | suggests that populations remain genetically stable for long periods of time, interupted by brief periods of rapid growth |
