| A | B |
|---|
| composition stoichiometry | Describes the quantative relationship among elements in compounds. |
| reaction stoichiometry | Describes the quantitve relationships among substances as they undergo chemical changes. |
| Democritus | A Greek philopher that suggested that all matter is composed of tiny, discrete, indivisible particles that he called atoms. |
| John Dalton | An English school teacher who is considered the Father of modern atomic theory. |
| First concept of Dalton's atomic theory | An element is composed of extremely small, indivisble particles called atoms. |
| Second concept of Dalton's atomic theory | All atoms of a given element have identical properties that differ from those of other elements. |
| Third concept of Dalton's atomic theory | Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or transformed into atoms of another element. |
| Fourth concept of Dalton's atomic theory. | Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with one another in small whole-number ratios. |
| Fifth concept of Dalton's atomic theory. | The relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound. |
| structure of the atom according to Dalton's belief | sold, indivisible sphere |
| atom | The smallest particle of an element that maintains its chemical identity through all chemical and physical changes. |
| three fundamental particles of an atom | electrons, protons, and neutrons |
| atomic number (Z) | Defined as the number of protons in the nucleus. |
| molecule | The smallest particle of an element or compound that can hava a stable independent existence. |
| diatomic molecule | molecule made up of two atoms of the same element. |
| elements that form diatomic molecules | Br, I, N, Cl, H, O, F` |
| polyatomic molecules | molecules that contain two or more atoms |
| O/2 | dioxygen |
| H/2 | dihydrogen |
| P/4 | tetraphosphorus |
| chemical formula | Shows chemical composition by representing the elements present and the ratio between the elements. |
| allotropic modifications, or allotropes | different forms of the same element in the same physical state (carbon=diamond and graphite; oxygen= dioxygen and ozone) |
| hydrogen peroxide | H/2O/2 |
| hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid of dissolved in water) | HCl |
| sulfuric acid | H/2SO/4 |
| nitric acid | HNO/3 |
| acetic acid | CH/3COOH |
| ammonia | NH/3 |
| sulfur dioxide | SO/2 |
| sulfur trioxide | SO/3 |
| carbon monoxide | CO |
| carbon dioxide | CO/2 |
| methane | CH/4 |
| ethane | C/2H/6 |
| propane | C/3H/8 |
| butane | C/4H/10 |
| pentane | C/5H/12 |
| benzene | C/6H/6 |
| methanol (methyl alchohol) | CH/3OH |
| ethanol (ethyl alchohol) | CH/3CH/2OH |
| acetone | CH/3COCH/3 |
| diethyl ether (ether) | CH/3CH/2-O-CH/2CH/3 |
| organic compounds | Contain C-C bonds, C-H bonds, or both. |
| inorganic compounds | Do not contain C-C or C-H bonds. |
