| A | B |
|---|
| Azotemia | is elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels with no clinical manifestations |
| Acute Nephritic Syndrome manifests | acute onset of gross hematuria, proteinuria and hypertension |
| Nephrotic syndrome manifests | heavy proteinuria ( > 3.5 gm/day) |
| Asymptomatic hematuria or proteinuria are usually manifestation of | subtle or mild glomerular abnormalities |
| Acute renal failure is manifested by | oliguria or anuria with recent onset of azotemia |
| Nephrolithiasis (renal stones) usually manifest by | renal colic and hematuria |
| An ectopic ureter could be joining structures like | in the proximal urethra, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle, and vas deferens |
| The most common cause of hydronephrosis in both infants and children is | ureteropelvic junction obstruction |
| A congenital megaureter is usually associated | with hydronephrosis |
| Proximal causes of ureteral obstruction tend to be | unilateral |
| Distal causes of ureteral obstruction tend to be | bilateral |
| In most cases, transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter or renal pelvis requires | radical nephroureterectomy |
| Exstrophy is: | absence of a portion of the lower abdominal wall and the anterior wall of the bladder |
| The short urethra in females increases the risk during pregnancy of developing | cysitis |
| Acute and chronic cystitis of the urinary bladder are | the most commonly encountered clinical disorder of this organ |
| Hunner ulcer is: | a persistant disorder of unknown cause, refractory to all forms of therapy, and typically affects middle-aged women |
| Malakoplakia is a bladder disorder that shows | macrophage-containing mucosal plaques and abundance of Von Hansemann cells |
| Cystic lesions of the urinary tract are characteized by forming | solid Brunn nests |
| Cystitis cystica occurrs in about | 60% of otherwise normal adult bladders |
| Transitional cell carcinomas highest frequencies occurs among | urban whites in the United States and Western Europe |
| 80% of bladder cancer cases are | between 50 and 80 years old |
| The term carcinoma in situ of the unrinary bladder is reserved for | a full-thickness, malignant changes confined to the flat urothelium |
| Smokers are confronted with | doubling of the incidence of bladder carcinoma |
| Bladder cancer has been associated with | occupational exposure to certain organic chemicals |
| Histologically, transitional cell carcinomas are graded according to | their degree of differentiation |
| Metastases of bladder cancer occur in pelvic structures and could extend to | the periaortic lymph nodes, liver, lung, and bone |
| Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is distinctly common in | the Middle East where schistosomiasis is endemic |
| Regardless of the cause of the obstruction, there is always | dilatation, muscular hypertrophy, diverticula and, trabeculation of the mucosal surface |
| The classic cause of urethritis is infection by | Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| the most common casuses of urethritis results from infection by | Chlamydia, E. coli, and Mycoplasma |
| In males, urethritis typically complicates | prostatitis |
| In females, urethritis usually follows | cystitis |
| Regardless of the cause, urinary frequency, dysuria, and urethral discharge characterize | urethral inflammation |
| Urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis are characteristic features of | Reiter syndrome |
| A urethral caruncle is an | inflammatory lesion near the female urethral meatus that produces pain and bleeding |
| The autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease | is the cause of about 10% of all transplant/dialysis patients |
| Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis is caused by | autoimmune reaction to group A beta hemolytic streptococci |
| (40%) of nephrotic syndrome in adults are caused by | membranous nephtopathy |
| Diabetic glomerulosclerosis | the leading cause of renal failure in the USA |
| Berger disease | is the most common form of Glomerulonephritis in the 15-30 age group |
| Acute tubular nephrosis could be induced by | renal hypoperfusion and nephrotoxins |
| rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis could induce | acute tubular nephrosis |
| Chinese herbs nephropathy is caused by | aristolochic acid |
| NSAIDs | are the most common class of drugs responsible for renal injuries |
| the most common casue of acute pyelonephritis | is infection by E. coli |
| Tha milk-alkali syndrome usually lead to | renal stones due to hypercalciuria ad hypercalcemia |
| Secondary calcium renal stone formations are mostly a complication of | hyperparathyroidism |
| the most common renal stones are made of | calcium oxalate or phosphate |
| Uric acid stones | are radiolucent |
| Calcium oxalate and phosphate stones | are radio-opaque |
| Metabolic acidosis with increase in the levels of P,K, BUN, Cr. are detected during | uremia |
| Renal cell carcinoma is | the most common kidney tumor |
| the use of Tobacco increases the risk for | renal cell carcinoma |
| Wilm's Tumor is | the most common abdominal solid tumor in childhood |
| Hematuria most common symptom of | carcinoma of the kidney(50%) |
