| A | B |
|---|
| selective breeding | choosing certain qualities in plants and animals and breed them so those qualities are common and more useful to humans |
| selective breeding examples | dog breeding, cat breeding, and farmers that use seeds from the best crops. |
| selective breeding types | inbreeding and producing hybrids |
| inbreeding | mating closely related individuals; produces offspring that are homozygous for most traits |
| hybrid | mating individuals that have different forms of a trait; produces offspring that are heterozygous for most traits |
| genetic engineering | a process by which scientists take genes form one organism and put them into another organism |
| recombinant DNA technology | another name for genetic engineering |
| recombinant DNA | connected or combined fragments of DNA from different sources |
| transgenic organism | plants and animals that contain functional recombinant DNA in other words DNA other than their own |
| Fist step in genetic engineering | Restriction enzymes cleave DNA |
| "restriction enzymes cleave DNA" means that | the cutting of DNA from a larger chromosome using a chemical that cuts the DNA at a particular site |
| restriction enzymes | proteins that have the ability to cut both strands of teh DNA molecule at a specific nucleotide sequence |
| cleave | cut |
| sticky ends | the single stranded ends of the DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes |
| the second step in genetic engineering | vector transfer DNA |
| "vector transfer DNA" means that | Bacterial DNA (plasmid) is used to transfer the human gene into the bacteria |
| plasmid | a small ring of DNA found in a bacterial cell |
| the third step in genetic engineering | gene splicing |
| "gene splicing" means that | the sticky ends of the plasmid and the human gene's sticky end combine together forming recombinant DNA |
| the fourth step in genetic engineering | gene cloning |
| "gene cloning" means that | the bacterial cell containing the human gene reproduces making a genetically identical copy of the bacteria and its new gene |
| clone | genetically identical copy of an organism |
| recombinat bacteria are used in | industry, medicine, and agriculture |
| Examples of recombinant bacteria in industry, medicine, and agriculture | what I must know for tomorrows test |
| transgenic animals | mice, roundworms, and fruitflies |
| transgenic plants can | resist herbicides, produce pesticides or increase their protein production |
| DNA sequencing | Determining the order of the nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G) of a given DNA fragment |
| DNA fingerprinting | a technique used to convict and acquit individuals of criminal offenses |
| Human Gemone | all of the genes that make up humans |
| gene therapies | insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders |
| The Human Genome Project | Scientists all over the world work to map all the genes on the human chromosomes and determine the DNA sequence of the genes; roughly completed June, 2000 |
| inbreeding problem | recessive traits tend to show up more often with this type of mating |
