HTCCBWC Ch 4 Notes

These are notes on chapter 4 that you may use for review at test time
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  1. Lowrie Daly -- Historian who noted that the university was the only institution showing consistent interest in preserving and cultivating knowledge


  1. Catholic universities -- Paris and Bologna

    Secular universities -- Oxford and Cambridge


  1. Characteristics of a university

    - had a core of required text
    - well defined academic program
    - granted degrees
    - most received degree, a masters degree, once received recipient was accepted into teaching guild.



  1. Role of Papacy

    - granted charters for setting up universities
    - 81 universities established during the time of Reformation
    - degrees awarded only with approbation by pope, king or emperor
    - Pope Innocent IV granted privilege to Oxford in 1254
    - degrees approved by Pope were good throughout area of Christendom. All other degrees only in the kingdoms received.


  1. University of Toulouse

    - became model for future
    - you could teach anywhere in the world with this degree
    - instituted by Pope Gregory IX (1233)


  1. Conflicts and/ or benefits between towns and universities

    - boost for local economy
    - students were often irresponsible and unruly
    - students often denied due process of law and cheated on expenses


  1. Characteristics of Clergyman

    - name given to those studying theology
    - had special protection by Church
    - had special legal status
    - were tried in ecclesiastical rather than in secular court when necessary


  1. Papal intervention

    - Pope Honorius III (1216 - 1227)
    sided with Scholars at Bologna against infringements on their liberties

    - Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)
    intervened for university in Paris

    - Pope Gregory IX
    - issued right to self-government to universities
    - no diocesan interference
    - gratn "cessatio" or right to suspend lectures if member abused




  1. Church contributions

    - granted charters to universities
    - protected university rights
    - sided with scholars
    - built international academic community
    - permitted and fostered scholarly debate and discussion
    - dissemination of knowledge



  1. Shortfall of universities

    - did not own buildings or campuses
    - lectures often held in cathedrals or private halls
    - no libraries



  1. The Student

    - between ages of 14 and 20
    - would prepare for career
    - common study of law
    - common study of holy orders


  1. The Studies

    - 7 liberal arts
    - civil and canon law
    - natural philosophy
    - medicine
    - theology



  1. ACADEMIC LIFE

    Undergraduate degree -- called Artist
    - attended lectures
    - occasional disputations
    - attended formal disputations

    Masters degree
    - attended lectures
    - answered series of questions through logical arguments

    Origin of Scholastic Argument
    - development of question method
    - founded by St Thomas Aquinas "Summa Theologiae"

    Natural Philosophy
    - the study of the functioning of the physical world and particularly with change and motion in that world.
    - the seeking of natural explanations for natural phenomena, kept separate from theology

    Summalae Logicales - written by Peter of Spain Pope John XXI in 1230





  1. THE AGE OF SCHOLASTICISM

    - rather than commit to logic, people wanted to understand to persuade others
    - scholarly work done by university
    - described the content of the thoughts of intellects
    - used reason in theological and philosophical study
    - used dialectic - opposing positions followed by a resolution

    Earliest Scholars

    - St Anselm (1033 - 1109)
    - served a abbot of the monastery of Bec
    - Archbishop of Canterbury
    - used reason to explore philosophical and theological questions
    - developed "Cur Deus Homo" (why God became man)

    "The Greatest Conceivable Being"
    - one that exists both in our minds and in realtiy
    - must possess every perfection

    Peter Abelard ( 1079 - 1142)
    - assembled list of contradictions citing passages from early Church Fathers and the Bible
    - prime source of wisdom defined as continuous and penetrating inquiry
    - his work aimed at building up and providing additional support for the truth the Church possessed

    Peter Lombard ( 1100- 1160)
    - Archbishop of Paris
    - wrote "Sentences" which was the text book most used by theology students for 5 centuries
    - systematic exposition of Catholic faith topics: sin, grace, the Incarnation, redemption, virtues, and the sacraments

    St Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274)
    - wrote "Summa Theologiae"
    - harmonized the work of Aristotle with the Church
    - wrote "Summa Contra Gentiles"
    - the existence of God can be known by reason as well as by divine revelation
    - principle of sufficient reason - every effect has a cause






Mrs. Moroles
Oratory Athenaeum
Pharr, TX