| A | B |
|---|
| promoters | a region of DNA that RNA polymerase will bind to |
| codon | three nucleotide bases on mRNA that code for a specific animo acid |
| anticodon | the complimentary bases for a codon found on tRNA |
| differentiation | when cells become specialized in structure and function |
| haploid | a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes |
| diploid | a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
| homologous | matching or corresponding chromosomes, each one coming from each parent |
| surface area | the total area of a cell's membrane |
| cancer | disorder in which a cell has lost the ability to control growth and reproduction |
| glycolysis | the breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two pyruvic acids |
| fermentation | anaerobic respiration |
| Krebs cycle | energy extracting reactions of cellular respiration |
| electron transport chain | chain of proteins which convert ADP to ATP |
| thylakoid | membranes in the chloroplast where the 1st part of photosynthesis occurs |
| stroma | region in a chloroplast where the 2nd part of photosynthesis occurs |
| Calvin cycle | reactions in photosynthesis were ATP is used to create glucose |
| NADP+ (NADPH) | energy carrying molecule similar to ADP and ATP |
| activation energy | energy needed to get a reaction started |
| catalyst | control the rate (usually by speeding up) of a chemical reaction |
| enzyme | special protein that acts as a catalyst |
| substrate | reactant of an enzyme catalyzed reaction |
| polypeptide | long chains of amino acids; the building blocks of enzymes |
| cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| mixture | two or more elements or compounds that are physically but not chemically combined |
| solution | mixture in which the substances are evenly distributed |
| solute | substance that is dissolved to make a solution |
| solvent | substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution |
| suspension | mixture of water and nondissolved materials |
| osmotic pressure | pressure on one side of a selectively permeable membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
| lipid bilayer | double layed membrane that composes most cell's barriers |
| chromatin | thin threads of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
| microfilaments | threadlike structures of protein that support the cell |
| microtubules | hollow structures made of protein that maintain a cell's shape |
| cell culture | group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a single cell |
| cell fractionation | breaking cells apart and separating their different cell parts |
| synthesis | combining separate or smaller parts into a whole |
| theory | a well tested explanation based on many observations |
| law | A rule that describes a pattern in nature |
| metabolism | the combination of chemical reactions an organism used to carry out life processes |
| evolution | the ability of a group of organisms to change over time |
| centrifuge | a machine that spins its contents and separates substances based on their densities |
| placebo | a "fake" treatment given to the control group |
| anaerobic respiration | releasing energy from food in the absence of oxygen |
