| A | B |
|---|
| developmental psychology | the study of the changes that occur in people from birth to old age |
| critical period | time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development |
| rooting reflex | baby turns it's head toward something touching its check |
| sucking reflex | newborn sucks on objects placed in its mouth |
| swallowing reflex | newborns swallow without choking |
| grasping reflex | allows newborns to close their fists around things |
| stepping reflex | newborn takes steps when they are held upright and their feet touch a surface |
| temperment | describes the physical/emotional chaacteristics of the newborn child and young infant |
| types of temperment | easy, difficult, slow to warm up |
| newborn vision | fuzzy, prefers faces and black and white visuals |
| visual cliff | whows that infants of crawling age (6 months) can perceive depth |
| newborn sound | can hear in womb, prefers mothers voice, rhythm |
| developmental norms | ages by which an average child achieves various developmental milestones |
| jean piaget | studied cognitive development |
| object pemanence | concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight |
| egocentric | unable to see things from anothers point of view |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | studied the theories of moral development |
| Language acquisition device | theory of Noam Chomsky that says that language is "wired into" all humans |
| imprinting | newborn animals will follow the first moving thing is sees after its born |
| attachment | emotional bond that develops in the first year fo life that makes human babies cling to their caregivers for safety and comfort |
| socialization | process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and their culture |
| peer groups | network of same-aged friends who give emotional and social support |
| gender roles | what behavior is appropriate for each gender |
| gender stereotypes | what characteristics society associates to gener |
| growth spurt | rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolescence |
| puberty | onset of sexual maturation accompanys physical development |
| imaginary audience | term of adolescents' delusion that they are constantly being observed by others |
| personal fable | term for adolescents' delusion that they are unique, very important and invulnerable |
| identity formation | Ericksons term in development that we transition from dependance on others to dependance on self |
| identity crisis | period of intense self examination and decision making... part of the process of identity formation |
| cliques | groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment |
| problems of adolescence | decline in self esteem, depression and suicide |
| componants of adulthood | love, partnerships and parenting |
| midlife crisis | time when adults discover they no longer fell fulfilled in their jobs or personal lives and attempt to make a shift in career or lifestyle |
| midlife transition | where adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future |
| menopause | time in a womans life when menstration ceases |
| alzheimer's disease | disorder common in late adulthood there is a progressive loss of memory and cognistion and changes in personality |
| stages of death and dying | denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance |
| B.F. skinner | believed in rewards and punishments for certain behaviors |
| empty nest syndrom | when children move out of the house and leave the parents alone |
| Personality | individuals unique pattern of thoughts, feeling, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations |
| unconscious | Freuds theory, all ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are not and normally cannot become aware |
| psychoanalysis | the theory of personality Freud developed as well as the form of therapy he invented |
| id | freuds theory that the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression |
| pleasure principal | the way in which the id seeks immediate gratifcation of an instinct |
| Ego | part of the personality that mediates between the environment(reality), conscience(superego) and instinctual needs(id) |
| reality principle | way the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world |
| superego | the social and parental standards the individual has internalized |
| libido | freud... the energy generated by sexual instinct |
| Fixation | partial or complete halt at some point in the individuals psychosexual development |
| oral stage | first stage in freud theory... infant's erotic feelings are centered around the mouth and lips |
| anal stage | second stage...infant's erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination |
| phallic stage | third stage in which erotic feelings center on the genitals |
| oedipus complex | boys have a natural attraction to their mothers |
| electra complex | girls have a attraction to their fathers |
| latency period | freuds theory in personality that a child does not have intrest in sex |
| genital stage | last stage of normal adult sexual development, usually marked by mature sexuality |
| Sigmund Freud | coined the term psychoanalysis |
| psychoanalysis | a that encompasses both his theory of personlaity and the form of therapy he developed |
| Psychodynamic theory | places the origins of personality in unconscious, often sexual, motivations and conflicts |
| Carl Jung | believed in the ego... but also thought unconscous broke down into personal unconscious and collective unconscious |
| personal unconscious | are our repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences and undeveloped ideas, which may rise to consciousness if triggered |
| collective unconscious | jung theory that is inherited and common to all member of a species. |
| persona | according to jung is our public self, the mask we put on to represent ourselves to others |
| anima | the female archetype as it is expressed in the male personality |
| animus | the male archetype as it is expressed in the female personality |
| extrovert | a person who usually focuses on social life and the external world |
| introvert | a person who usually focuses on his or her own thoughts and feelings |
| compensation | Adler theory, the person's effort to overcome imagined or real personal weakness |
| inferiority complex | Adler's theory that personal inferiority that results in emotional and social paralysis. |
| Anxiety | Horney's theory, the individual's reaction to real or imagined threats. |
| neurotic trends | Horneys term for irrational strategies for coping with emotional problems and minimizing anxiety |
| Erik Erikson | focused on personality development broke down into 8 stages |
| Humanistic personality theory | asserts fundamental goodness of people and thier striving toward higher levels of functioning |
| Carl Rodgers | humanistic... contended that men and women develop their personalities in the service with postive goals |
| unconditional positive regard | Rogers... the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of their behavior |
| conditional positive regard | acceptance and love that are dependant on behaving in certain ways |
| personality traits | characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways such as dependency, anxiety, agressiveness and sociability |
| The Big Five | five traits or dementions currently thought to be of central importance in describing personality |
| cognitive-social learning theory | personality in the ways people think about, act on and respond to their environment |
| Locus of Control | is a prevalent expectancy by which people evaluate situations |
| internal locus of control | people feel they can control their own fate |
| external locus of control | fate is out of their hands |
| Nature vs. Nurture | enduring question is Psychology |
| Psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| Structuralism | school of psychology that stresses the basic units experience and the combinations in which they occur |
| Functionalist theory | theory that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment |
| Psychodynamic theory | Theory that says behavior is driving by our unconscious awareness |
| Behaviorism | studies only observable and measurable behavior |
| Gestalt psychology | studies how people percieve and experience objects as whole patterns |
| Humanistic psychology | emphasizes nonverbal experience and alters states of consciousness as a means of realizing human potential |
| Cognitive Pscyhology | devoted to the study of mental processes |
| Evolutionary Psychology | is concerned with the origins of behavior and mental process |
| Naturalistic observation | study animal or human behavior in a natural setting |
| Case study | analysis of a single individual |
| Stress | any environmental demand that creates a state of tension or threat that requires change and adaptation |
| conflict | simultaneous existence of incompatible demands, opportunities, needs and goals |
| compromise | deciding on a more realistic solution or goal when an ideal solution is not practical |
| withdrawl | avoiding a situation when other forms of coping are not available |
| defense mechanism | self-deceptive techniques for reducing stress, including denial, repression, and regression |
| General adaptation syndrome | the way the body adapts to stress: alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion. |
| Post traumatic stress disorder | psychological disorder characterized by episodes of anxiety sleeplessness, and nightmares resulting from some disturbing event in the past |
| mood disorders | disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state |
| depression | overwhelming feeling of sadness,excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness |
| mania | euphoric states, extreme physical activity, excessive talking and distractedness. |
| bipolar | periods of mania and depression alternates |
| anxiety disorders | anxiety is a characteristic feature or the avoidance of anxiety seems to drive abnormal behavior |
| specific phobias | anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of something |
| panic disorder | reoccuring panic attacks when a person experiences extreme fear or terror |
| obsessive compulsive disorder | a person feels driven to perform senseless rituals |
| hypochondriasis | person believes physical symptoms are a serious illness even though tests show their is nothing wrong with them. |
| dissociative disorders | some aspect of the personality seems seperated from the rest |
| schizophrenic disorders | disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions including delusions and hallucinations |
| attention deficit hyyperactivity disorder | childhood disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity |
| autistic disorder | childhood disorder characterized by a lack of social instincts and strange motor behavior |
| DSM-IV | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association and provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. |
| Post partum depression | resentment, elplessness and sadness after a mother gives birth |
| Seasonal affective disorder | when a person does not recieve sufficiant amounts of sunlight for periods of time |
| Phobic disorder | being fearful of a specific thing: spiders |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | when people worry about everyday events |
| psychosomatic disorders | when a person worries so much that they actually make themselves physically sick |
| Paranoid Schizophrenia | when a person is inappropriately suspicious and mistrustful of others |
