| A | B |
|---|
| Guild | Groups of people who have similar jobs_ These groups protected their members |
| Capitalism | an economic system based on trade & capital_ (the name of money used for investment) |
| Middle Class | merchants, artisans and traders in between nobles and peasants in their social order |
| 3 Ways the Commercial Revolution Changed Europe | 1) Lords needed money to buy goods, so peasants SOLD their farm products and PAID the lord instead of working for him; 2) Money grew in importance undermined sefdom (which used land); 3) Commercial Revolution also began a period in the arts, science and literature which changed Europe. This was called The RENAISSANCE |
| Renaissance | Rebirth of learning, art, education |
| Humanism | New way of thinking when people began thinking about life in the present, here on earth and the achievements of the individual |
| Renaissance Man | A person who has many interests and excels [is really good] in many areas |
| Michelangelo - jobs/2 achievements | Sculptor, engineer, poet, painter, architect; Known for painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted the statue of David |
| Leonardo Da Vinci - jobs/2 achievements | Sculptor, painter, architect, engineer, inventor; Known for sketching human anatomy, flying machines, and underwater boats centuries before airplanes or submarines |
| Raphael - jobs/2 achievements | Painter. student of Michelangelo & DaVinci; known for painting Madonnas (mother of Jesus) and Angels; also painted "The School of Athens" picturing famous Greek philosophers |
| Sofonisba Anguissola: jobs/2 achievements | Woman artist, painted “The Artist’s Sisters Playing Cards”, was the painter of King Philip II of Spain |
| Printing Press | Invented by Johann Gutenberg; made books more available (especially the bible) & increased literacy in Europe |
| Machievelli | Wrote "The Prince" that told rulers to use whatever methods are needed to keep his power. Today people call him a “realist” |
| Shakespeare | Wrote in England during the 1600s, about human beings and the joys and sorrows of human life |
| Dante | Wrote “The Divine Comedy” where he took a trip through heaven and hell |
| Cervantes | Spanish writer, wrote “Don Quixote which made fun of traditions like knighthood and chivalry In ”Don Quixote” an old man thinks he is a Knight in battle against a giant windmill |
| 3 Reasons for the Protestant Reformation | 1) The Renaissance lead people to question the Church’s authority; Humanists placed faith in human reason 2) Church leaders were acting more like kings (fighting for power and wealth) and less like representatives of Christ and God. For example, the Church made money by selling indulgences; 3) Strong kings were gaining power by reforming the Church and taking away its power |
| Martin Luther | German monk and reformer who protested the sale of indulgences by posting the 95 Thesis; going against the Catholic Church he started the Protestant Reformation & formed the 1rst Protestant (Lutheran) Church |
| Sale of Indulgences | Allowed people to pay money to get their sins forgiven |
| 95 Thesis | Martin Luther's 95 arguments against the sale of indulgences posted in public on a church door in Germany |
| John Calvin | Another reformer, was critical of the Church and agreed with Luther that only through faith could someone get to Heaven - taught doctrine of PREDESTINATION |
| Predestination | John Calvin's belief that God knows before [pre] you are born where you are going [destination] heaven or hell |
| 2 goals of Counter Reformation | Reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church; goals were: to keep people from converting to Protestantism AND to strengthen the Catholic Church |
| Inquistion | Church court set up to seek out heresies (crimes against God & the Catholic Church); used torture, secret testimony, and execution to stamp out heretics & created an index of forbidden books |
| Council of Trent | Set up in 1545, the Council would guide reform of the Catholic Church by supporting traditional Catholic beliefs & ending the abuses of the Church |
| 2 CAUSES of the Protestant Reformation | 1) Humanists questioned the authority of the Church; 2) People did not like Church abuses (i.e. the sale of indulgences) |
| Effects of the Reformation | 1) Religious and Political Division – Europe was NO LONGER religiously united. Rulers began choosing the religion of their country. Rulers/monarchs began siding against each other; 2) Religious Conflicts – differences in religion caused wars. The Thirty-Years War was fought between Protestants and Catholics; 3) Anti-Semitism – Persecution of Jews increased by BOTH Protestants & Catholics. In some places, Jews were taken from their homes and killed; 4) Witch Hunts – religious tension sometimes led people to accuse others of being witches or agents of the devil. Thousands of people were put to death for this reason. |
| Scientific Revolution | Change when critical thinking occurred during the Renaissance, people questioned ideas about the world |
| Copernicus | Using math, he suggested that the universe was HELIOCENTRIC or SUN-CENTERED. He argued that planets revolved around the sun; this challenged the old belief that the earth was the center |
| Galileo | Provided further evidence and support for the HELLIOCENTRIC theory. He did this by observing the sky through a TELESCOPE he built |
| Newton | Discovered the FORCE of GRAVITY & concluded that NATURE follows UNIVERSAL LAWS; he built on the knowledge of Copernicus and Galileo by proving that GRAVITY kept the planets in orbit around the sun. |
| Scientific Method | Used EXPERIMENTATION (testing to see what happens and trying to understand why) & OBSERVATION (Watching, listening, smelling, tasting, or feeling an experience while keeping a record of what you experience) to FIND TRUTH, rather than relying on past authorities |
| What did Hunanists believe? How was this different from the Middle Ages? | Humanists stressed the importance of life in the present, here on earth & the achievements of the individual. This was different from people in the Middle Ages who stressed the importance of God, faith, obeying the Church and the afterlife |
| How did the Printing press and writing in the language of the people help to spread the ideas of the Renaissance? | Books became more available: books were easier & cheaper to make; this increased lieracy (peoples' ability to read); books written in their own language helped people read about the new ideas of the Renaissance. |
| EXAMPLE OF ARTIST WHO WAS A "RENAISSANCE MAN" | Leonardo Da Vinci - was a man of many talents - PAINTER (Mona Lisa) - ENGINEER - (sketched pictures of flying machines; underwater boats, etc) - Studied HUMAN ANATOMY - by dissecting corpses |
| EXAMPLE OF ARTIST WHO WAS A "RENAISSANCE MAN" | Michelangelo - - was a man of many talents - PAINTER (Sistine Chapel ceiling with Bible scenes) - SCULPTOR (Statue of David; Statue of Moses; "The Pieta" - Mary holding dead Jesus |
| What were sale of indulgences & Why martin Luther wrote the "95 Thesis" | Sale of Indulgences = Allowed people to pay money to get their sins forgiven; 95 Thesis = 95 arguments against the sale of indulgences BECAUSE People could reach heaven only through faith in God; the Pope could not grant a pardon for sins |
| 2 SIMILARITIES between Martin Luther & John Calvin | 1) BOTH wanted to reform the Church; 2) BOTH believed people got to heaven by FAITH in GOD; 3) their ideas were spread by the PRINTING PRESS |
| DIFFERENCES between Martin Luther and John Calvin | Calvin - taught PREDESTINATION (belief that God determines before you are born whether you go to heaven or hell) & focussed on a very strict, disciplines lifestyle; religion called Calvinism; Luther stressed Faith as the means to go to heaven, lifestyle less strict; religion called Lutheranism |
| 2 GOALS of COUNTER REFORMATION & how did they do this? | 1) stop people from converting to Protestantism; 2) strengthen the Catholic Church; To do this the Church: 1) Used the Inquistion to stop heretics; banned certain books; set up Church schools; corrected abuses |
| How was the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION a rejection of traditional authority? | It used critical thinking to question old ideas and used the SCIENTIFIC METHOD (observation & experimentation) to test the truth |
