| A | B |
|---|
| uses of microbes | bread, cheese, beer, enzymes |
| uses of microbes | antibiotics, vaccines, vitamins |
| uses of microbes | cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur |
| uses of microbes | source of nutrients at base of all food chains |
| disadvantage of microbes | cause disease |
| microbiology | study of organisms and agents too small to be seen clearly by unaided eye |
| microorganisms | less than 1 mm in diameter |
| microbiology subjects | viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa |
| algae & fungi | are larger and are visible, (bread molds) |
| epulopiscium | bacterium that is visible without a microscope |
| techniques used to view microbes | isolate microbe from population; culture it(sterilizaton & culture media) |
| Leewenhoek | 1st to observe and describe microbes |
| Leewenhoek | worked in mens clothing,draper;fabric |
| Leewenhoek | his microscope could magnigy 50 to 300 x |
| Leewenhoek | saw bacteria and protozoa |
| spontaneous generation | living organisms could develope from nonliving or decomposing matter |
| Francesco Redi | challenged spontaneous generation claim(with maggots) |
| Francesco Redi | showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs, not meat itself |
| Pasteur | disproved spontaneous generation |
| Pasteur | used "curved neck flasks" to trap air |
| Pasteur | pointed out that no growth occurred because dust germs trapped in flasd neck |
| Pasteur | showed no growth occurred because dust particles carrying microbes did not reach medium |
| Pasteur | had shown how to keep solutions sterile |
| Tyndall | demonstrated that dust did carry microbes; if absent broth sterile if O2 hit it |
| Tyndall | provided evidence for existence fo heat resistant bacteria |
| Lister | developed a system of surgery to prevent microbes from entering wounds |
| Lister | patients had fewer post operative infections |
| Lister | showed evidence that microbes were cause of human disease |
| Lister | transformed practice of surgery; |
| Lister | instruments sterialized; phenol used on dsg and sprayed |
| Koch | discovered anthrax |
| Koch | bacteriological and Pure culture techniques |
| Koch | developed Agar and Petri Dish |
| Koch | showed certain bacteria cause certain disease |
| Koch's Postulates | link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease |
| refraction | light is bent(refracted) when passing from 1 medium to another |
| refractive index | measure of how substance slows the velocity of light and direction & magnitude of bending |
| focal point | lenses bend light and focus the image at this specific place |
| focal lenght | distance between the center of lens and the focal point |
| 1 millimeter | 10 -3 |
| 1 micrometer | um; 10 -6 |
| bright field Lt micrcoscope | produces a dark image with a bright background |
| resolution | ability of lens to distinguish small objects that are close together |
| magnification | product of objective lens and magnification of eyepiece |
| dark field Lt microscope | produces a bright image with a dark background |
| dark field Lt microscope | to observe living-unstained specimens |
| phase contrast microscope | enhances contrast between intracellular structures with slight differences in ref. index |
| phase contrast microscope | for observing living cells |
| fluorescence microscope | exposes specimen to ultraviolet/blue light, bright image of object |
| parfocal | microscope shows image remains in focus when objectives changed(lens) |
| working distance | distance between front surface of lens and specimen |
| fixation | internal & external structures are fixed in positon(killed&attached to slide) |
| heat fixing | used for bacteria(preserves overall; not internal structures |
| chemical fixing | used to protect fine cell structures of larger, delicate microbes |
| dyes/ simple staining | used to make internal&external structures more visible by contrast &background |
| differential staining | used to divide bacteria into separate groups based on reactions to staining |
| gram staining | most used, divides into + or - |
| gram staining | 1st stain is crystal violet(purple) |
| gram staining | 2nd stain is iodine, to increase interaction between cells & dye |
| gram staining | 3rd ethanol/acetone to decolorize (differential step) |
| gram positive + | keep purple color; crystal violet |
| gram negative - | loses purple color, become colorless |
| gram negative- | safranin to counterstain to turn - pink, + purple |
| electron microscope | focuses beams of electrons to produce an image |
| electron microscope | 100,000x magnification |
| electron microscope | 0.005nm |
| airborne diseases | (humans) propelled from resp tract by sneezing, coughing, talking |
| Chickenpox (varicella) | herpesviridae family, by droplet inhalation |
| Chickenpox (varicella) | prevention with acyclovir(Zovirax), varicella vaccine(varivax) |
| Chickenpox (varicella) | reactivates by stress, psych, AIDS (known as Shingles/Zoster) |
| Influenza (flu) | acquired by inhalation; tx with amantadine/rimantidine |
| Influenza flu | peaks in winter; 50-75 % school age |
| Measles (rubeola) | highly contagious skin disease; resp tract or conjunctiva of eyes |
| Measles (rubeola) | vaccine Attenuvax or MMR combination |
| Measles (rubeola) | 90% among unvaccinated |
| Mumps | transmitted via saliva and resp droplets; MMR vaccine |
| arthropod-borne disease | viruses transmitted by blood sucking arthropods |
| Yellow Fever | 1st human disease found to be caused by a virus |
| yellow fever | 1st known to be transmitted by insect |
| yellow fever | transmitted by mosquitoes, jaundice sign |
| yellow fever | prevention is vaccine/ control insects |
| Direct contact diseases | contact with blood or body fluids |
| cold sores(fever blisters) | herpes labialis |
| cold sores (fever blister) | blister forms on mucous membranes of mouth,lips,gums |
| cold sores (fever blister) | remains in latent stage for lifetime of person |
| cold sores (fever blister) | x sunlight, fever, trauma, chilling, stress, hormones reactivate virus |
| cold sores (fever blister) | by adulthood 70-90% all people infected |
| genital herpes | caused by herpes simplex 2 |
| genital herpes | transmitted by sexual contact |
| genital herpes | fever, burning sensation, genital soreness, blisters appear |
| genital herpes | latent, reactivates with sunlight,sex,illness,fever,hormones,stress |
| genital herpes | can be spread to infant during birth |
| genital herpes | assoc. with higher rate of cervical cancer, miscarriage |
| genital herpes | tx with acyclovir & topical acyclovir |
| mononucleosis | family herpesviridae; Epstein Barr virus |
| mono | spread by oropharyngeal secretions; kissing disease, sharing glasses |
| mono | most common virus in humans |
| slow virus diseases | virus or prion that remains silent during prolonged incubation period; months to yrs |
| warts (verrucae) | horny projections on skin |
| warts (verrucae) | caused by papillomaviruses |
| warts (verrucae) | 4 kinds; plantar(feet), verrucae vulgaris, flat or plane, anogenital condylomata(venereal) |
