| A | B |
|---|
| trophic level | each step in a food chain or a food web |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| thermodynamics | the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe |
| metabolism | all of the chemical reactions in a cell |
| photosynthesis | the anabolic pathway in which light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell |
| cellular respiration | the catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | energy-carrying biological molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities |
| carbohydrate | an organic compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a 1:2:1 ration |
| thylakoid | flattened saclike membranes that are arranged in stacks where light-dependent reactions take place |
| granum | thylakoid-formed stacks where light-dependent reactions take place |
| stroma | fluid-filled space that is outside the grana where light-independent reactions in phase two of photosynthesis take place |
| pigment | light-absorbing colored molecules found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts |
| NADP+ | the major electron carrier involved in electron transport in photosynthesis |
| Calvin cycle | second phase of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose |
| rubisco | enzyme in the final stage of the Calvin cycle that converts the remining ten G3P molecules into 5-carbon molecules |
| anaerobic process | metabolic prodess that does not require oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | metabolic process that requires oxygen and includes the Krebs cycle and electron transport |
| aerobic | metabolic process that requires oxygen |
| glycolysis | glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through this process |
| Krebs cycle (tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle); (citric acid cycle) | series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide |
| fermentation | occurs in the cytoplasm and regenerates the cell's supply of NAD+ |
