| A | B |
|---|
| Lucius Junius Brutus | executed his sons for being part of conspiracy to restore monarchy |
| Lars Porsenna | king of Etruscans |
| Horatius Cocles | single-handedly held off Etruscans from crossing the bridge over the Tiber |
| Mucius Scaevola | attempted to killed Lars Porsenna, but killed wrong man, and then burned off his right hand in the fire; give the nickname "Scaevola" ("Lefty") |
| patricians | wealthy upper class citizens |
| equestrians | wealthy merchant class (upper middle class) |
| plebeians | lower class |
| optimates | best of the patrician class |
| Secession of the Plebs | plebeians leave Rome in protest; earn the right to representation by Tribunes and the right to prpose and veto legislation |
| Cincinnatus | temporary dictator who defeated Rome's enemies and then returned to his farm |
| Twelve Tables | first written law code in Rome (452 BCE) |
| Gauls | sacked Rome in 390 BCE; defeated by Camillus who was recalled after banishment |
| King Pyrrhus of Epirus | tried to defeat Rome; won battles but his losses were so heavy, he retreated; "Pyrrhic Victory" |
| Appius Claudius Caecus | designed Appian Way and aqueduct |
| First Punic War | 264-41 |
| Second Punic War | 218-201 |
| Third Punic War | 149-146 |
| Hannibal | lost to Scipio Africanus at Zama to end Secong Punic War |
| Quintus Fabius Cunctator | developed guerrilla tactics to slow Hannibal |
| Hamilcar | father of Hannibal |
