| A | B |
|---|
| Nigel South (1997) first criticism of Cloward and Ohlin is | the boundaries between Cloward and Ohlin's 3 subcultures are drawn too sharply |
| Nigel South (1997) second criticism of Cloward and Ohlin is | the assumption that everyone starts off sharing the same mainstream success goal and the same mainstream culture. |
| Miller (1962) argues | the lower class has its own independent subculture which does not value the success goals of the mainstream |
| Matza(1964) | claims that delinquents are not, as Cloward and Ohlin suggest, strongly committed to their subcultures. |
| Miller (1962) 1st focal concern | Excitement |
| Miller (1962) 2nd focal concern | Fate |
| Miller (1962) 3rd focal concern | Smartness |
| Miller (1962) 4th focal concern | Trouble |
| Miller (1962) 5th focal concern | Toughness |
| Miller (1962) 6th focal concern | Autonomy |
| Downes and Hanson (2006) | the more spent on welfare, lower the rates of imprisonment. |
| Durheim 1st positive function of deviance | Boundary maintenance |
| Durheim 2nd positive function of deviance | Adaption and change |
| Matza 1st technique of neutralisation | Denial of responsibility – ‘it was an accident’ |
| Matza 2nd technique of neutralisation | Denial of injury –‘nobody got hurt’ |
| Matza 3rd technique of neutralisation | Denial of victim - ‘they deserved it’ |
| Matza 4th technique of neutralisation | Condemnation of condemners – ‘don’t know why you’re picking on me –you’re just as bad’ |
| Matza 5th technique of neutralisation | Appeal to higher loyalties –‘I did it for my mate’ |
| The 1st 'American Dream' features Messner and Rosenfeld claim produce high crime rates are | Obsession with money |
| The 2nd 'American Dream' features Messner and Rosenfeld claim produce high crime rates are | Winner takes all |
