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| Cincinnatus | a Roman consul (460 BCE) and dictator (458 and 439 BCE),who left his plow in the field to lead the Romans to victory against the Aequi |
| Coriolanus | A roman general of patrician descent that lived in the 6th and eary 5the century,he owed his surname to his bravery at the siege of Corioli (493 BC) in the war against the Volsci. |
| Horatius Cocles | Legendary roman hero that defended the bridge across the Tiber when the city was attacked by Lars porsena and the Etruscans. |
| Lars Porsena | Etruscan king of Chiusi who famously attacked and probably occupied Rome c. 508 BCE when the city had just exiled its last king and was moving towards becoming a republic |
| Mucius Scaevola | egendary Roman hero who is said to have saved Rome (c. 509 BC) from conquest by the Etruscan king Lars Porsena. According to the legend, Mucius volunteered to assassinate Porsena, |
| Hannibal | a Carthaginian general,known for leading the Carthaginian army and a team of elephants across southern Europe and the Alps Mountains against Rome in the Second Punic War. |
| Appius Claudius | a roman politician who became the first politician to attempt to give landless workers a voice in the Roman senate. He also organized the construction of the first paved Roman road, the 'Via Appia', and Rome's first aqueduct. |
| Scipio | Scipio Africanus was a talented Roman general who commanded the army that defeated Hannibal in the final battle of the Second Punic War in 202 B.C. |
| Cato the Elder | A roman senator and historian known as the first Latin prose writer of importance. He was noted for his conservative and anti-Hellenic policies, in opposition to the phil-Hellenic ideals of the Scipio family, He also fought as a military tribune in the Second Punic War. |
| Lake Trasimene | second major battle of the Second Punic War, in which the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal defeated the Roman army under Gaius Flaminius in central Italy. |
| Cannae | in southern Apulia (modern Puglia), southeastern Italy, between the forces of Rome and Carthage during the Second Punic War. |
| Zama | victory of the Romans led by Scipio Africanus the Elder over the Carthaginians commanded by Hannibal. The last battle of the Second Punic War, it effectively ended both Hannibal’s command of Carthaginian forces and also Carthage’s chances to significantly oppose Rome. |
| Fabius MaximusCunctator | Roman military commander and statesman whose cautious delaying tactics during the early stages of the Second Punic War gave Rome time to recover its strength. |
| Cornelia | She was the second daughter of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus , the hero of the Second Punic War and mother of the late 2nd-century BC Roman reformers Tiberius and Gaius Sempronius Gracchus. |
| Trebia River | first major battle of the Second Punic War, in which the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal defeated the Roman army under Tiberius Sempronius Longus on the banks of the Trebbia River. |
| Pyrrhus | military commander and king of Epirus in northern Greece between 306 and 302 BCE and again between 297 and 272 BCE. |
| Carthage | located in modern-day Tunis in Tunisia, was a major center of trade and influence in the western Mediterranean. The city fought a series of wars against Rome called the punic wars that would ultimately lead to its destruction |
| Catiline | A roman senator who was one of the most infamous traitors in Roman history, a man who conspired to overthrow the Republic |
| Spartacus | served in the Roman army, perhaps deserted, led bandit raids, and was caught and sold as a slave.He was also leader in the Gladiatorial War (73–71 BCE) against Rome |
| Pompey | a military leader during the fall of the Roman Republic. he formed the first triumvirate with Crassus and his great rival, Julius Caesar. |
| Marcus Antonius | Roman general under Julius Caesar and later triumvirate, who, with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, was defeated by Octavian in the last of the civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic. |
| Publius Clodius | a disruptive politician, head of a band of political thugs, and bitter enemy of Cicero in late republican Rome.also a tribune |
| Sulla | A roman general who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius and seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his enemies, initiated crucial reforms. |
| Marius | A romn general and politician and consul seven times who was the first Roman to illustrate the political support that a successful general could derive from the votes of his old army veterans. |
| Gracchi | Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were a pair of tribunes of the plebs from the 2nd Century BCE, who sought to introduce land reform and other populist legislation in ancient Rome. both members of the Populares, |
| Mithridates | King of pontus best known for his conflict with the Roman Republic in the three Mithridatic Wars, in which the Pontic king fought against three prominent Roman generals |
| Cato the Younger | great-grandson of Cato the Censor and a leader of the Optimates ) who tried to preserve the Roman Republic against power seekers |
| fasces | set of rods bound in the form of a bundle which contained an axe |
| censor | a magistrate whose original functions of registering citizens and their property were greatly expanded to include supervision of senatorial rolls and moral conduct. |
| princeps | The title princeps originated under the Roman Republic, when it was held by the leading member of the Senat |
| Consul | the chairmen of the Senate, which served as a board of advisers. They also commanded the Roman army and exercised the highest juridical power in the Roman empire. serve one year terms |
| Praetor | a judicial officer who had broad authority in cases of equity, was responsible for the production of the public games, and, in the absence of consuls, exercised extensive authority in the government. one year term |
| Aedile | the aediles were responsible for maintenance of public buildings and regulation of public festivals |
| Dictator | a temporary magistrate with extraordinary powers, nominated by a consul on the recommendation of the Senate and confirmed by the Comitia Curiata |
| Master of Horse | dictators main lieutenant serve 6 months |
| Tribune | originally infantry commanders. six to a legion.commanded bodyguard units and auxiliary cohorts. |
| Quaestor | Roman magistrate, responsible for fiscal administration. one year term |
| Pontifex Maximus | was 'the greatest' or chairman of the college of the pontifices, 'priests'. |
| SPQR | stood for Senatus Populus Que Romanusa - the Senate and the People of Rome. a reminder that Rome was, supposedly, a Republic. |
| Optimates | "Best Men" were the traditionalist majority of the late Roman Republic. |
| Populares | aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who relied on the people's assemblies and tribunate to acquire political power.Populares sought popular support against the dominant oligarchy, either in the interests of the people themselves or in furtherance of their own personal ambitions. |
| Patricians | any member of a group of citizen families who formed a privileged class in early Rome |
| Plebians | all free Roman citizens who were not members of the patrician, senatorial or equestrian classes. Plebeians were average working citizens of Rome |
| Equestrians | knights members of a social order distinguished by wealth and ranking just below the senators |
| Publicans | ancient Roman public contractor, who erected or maintained public buildings, supplied armies overseas, or collected certain taxes, |
| Proletarii | too poor to pay taxes or serve in the army |
| libertus | a former slave |
