| A | B |
|---|
| Cincinnatus | Famous farmer and fierce leader |
| Coriolanus | Roman who was prevented from marching on Rome by his mother Veturia |
| Horatius Cocles | Defended the bridge across the Tiber against Etruscans |
| Lars Porsena | King of Etruscan town and the downfall of the Roman monarchy |
| Mucius Scaevola | Burned his hand off |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps and invaded Italy |
| Appius Claudius | Roman engineering pioneer, built aqueduct system |
| Scipio | Defeated by Hannibal at Cannae during Second Punic War |
| Cato the Elder | Marcus Porcius Cato |
| Lake Trasimene | Where the battle between the Carthaginians defeated the Romans in the Second Punic War |
| Cannae | The Second Punic War battle by an ancient village between Roma and Carthage |
| Zama | End of the Second Punic War, Scipio defeated Hannibal |
| Fabius Maximus Cunctator | The Delayer, succesful general, delaying tactics against Hannibal |
| Cornelia | Second daughter of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus |
| Trebia River | First major battle of the Second Punic War, Carthaginians defeated Romans |
| Pyrrhus | King of Epirus |
| Carthage | Fought against Rome, Hannibal was a general here |
| Catiline | Roman senator, conspiracy to overthrow Roman Republic |
| Spartacus | Thracian gladiator who became one of the slave leaders |
| Pompey | Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, rival of Julius Caesar |
| Marcus Antonius | Lover of Cleopatra, committed suicide after defeat by Octavian |
| Publius Clodius | Roman nobilis of the patrician Claudian gens and a senator |
| Sulla | first man to use the army for personal autocracy |
| Marius | successful but harsh Roman general, critical role in destruction of the Roman Republic |
| Gracchi | Two brothers, tried to reform Rome's social and political structure |
| Mithridates | King of Pontus, one of Romans most hated enemy since Hannibal |
| Cato the Younger | Great grandson of Cato the Elder, follower of Stoic philosophy |
| fasces | Bundle of wooden rods |
| censor | Took the census, collection of taxes in the provinces, elected every 5 years for 18 months, 2 of them |
| princeps | First in time, chief, Roman government |
| Consul | Had two 1-year terms only once every 10-years; executive branch |
| Praetor | Interpreted and applied the law; judicial branch |
| Aedile | Sponsored public games and festivals, four of them |
| Dictator | Roman office filled in times for extreme need or danger |
| Master of Horse | Dictator's main lieutenant |
| Tribune | Elected officials had power to veto |
| Quaestor | Public treasurers, twenty of them |
| Pontifex Maximus | Greatest cheif priest, elected for life |
| SPQR | Senatus Populusque Romanus |
| Optimates | Traditionslist Senatorial majority, similiar to Populares |
| Populares | Favored the cause of the plebeians, belonged to wealtheir classes |
| Patricians | Noble class or officials who advised the king |
| Plebians | Lower class; laborers, peasants, etc. |
| Equestrians | Plebeians who nobled themselves by entering the senate; member of cavalry |
| Publicans | Public contractors, often supplied |
| Proletarii | Lowest class of Roman citizenship |
| libertus | Freedman |
