| A | B |
|---|
| Cincinnatus | Roman statesman who gained fame for his selfless devotion to the Republic in times of crisis and for giving up the reins of power when the crisis was over |
| Coriolanus | Lead a Voscilian attack on Rome; Volumnia succeeds in dissuading her son from destroying Rome; makes peace between the Volscians and the Romans |
| Horatius Cocles | Legendary Roman hero, defended the bridge across the Tiber when the city was attacked by the Etruscans |
| Lars Porsena | An Etruscan king known for his war against the city of Rome; He ruled over the city of Clusium. |
| Mucius Scaevola | Legendary Roman hero who saved Rome from conquest by the Etruscan king |
| Hannibal | A Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome |
| Appius Claudius | A censor he was responsible for the construction of Rome's first aqueduct and major road project |
| Scipio | Roman general who achieved victory over Hannibal and ended the Second Punic War |
| Cato the Elder | A Roman senator and historian known for his conservatism and opposition to Hellenization. |
| Fabius Maximus Cunctator | Roman statesman and general; defeated Hannibal's army |
| Cornelia | The hero of the Second Punic War, and Aemilia Paulla; She is remembered as a virtuous Roman woman. |
| Trebia River | The first major battle of the Second Punic War, fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal |
| Pyrrhus | Winning great victories against the armies of Macedon and Rome, he is considered one of the finest military commanders in history |
| Lake Trasimene | The Battle was fought during the Second Punic War and saw Hannibal win a crushing victory. |
| Carthage | Became the leader of the Phoenician colonies, found a powerful empire |
| Catiline | An aristocrat who turned demagogue and made an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the republic while Cicero was a consul |
| Spartacus | A Thracian gladiator, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War |
| Pompey | A military leader and politician during the fall of the Roman Republic; Who was an associate and later an opponent of Julius Caesar. |
| Marcus Antonius | Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire. |
| Publius Clodius | A disruptive politician, head of a band of political thugs, and bitter enemy |
| Sulla | Victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history and subsequently dictator |
| Marius | A military commander and politician; Marius defeated the invading Germanic tribes for which he was called "the third founder of Rome" |
| Gracchi | They attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major aristocratic landholdings among the urban poor and veterans |
| Mithridates | Remembered as one of the Roman Republic’s most formidable and successful enemies, who engaged three of the prominent generals from the late Roman Republic in the Mithridatic Wars |
| Cato the Younger | A statesman in the late Roman Republic, and a follower of the Stoic philosophy. |
| fasces | A bundle of rods, carried by a lictor as a symbol of a magistrate's power |
| censor | Either of two magistrates who held censuses and supervised public morals. |
| princeps | Official title of a Roman Emperor as the title determining the leader in Ancient Rome at the beginning of the Roman Empire. |
| Consul | One of the two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic. |
| Praetor | Each of two ancient Roman magistrates ranking below consul |
| Aedile | Responsible for maintenance of public buildings and regulation of public festivals |
| Dictator | A magistrate of the Roman Republic, entrusted with the full authority of the state |
| Master of Horse | The Roman Republic was an office appointed and dismissed by the Roman Dictator |
| Tribune | Roman official whose task it was to protect the people against oppression. |
| Quaestor | Any of a number of officials who had charge of public revenue and expenditure. |
| Pontifex Maximus | The chief high priest of the College of Pontiffs in ancient Rome |
| SPQR | Senātus Populusque Rōmānus "The Roman Senate and People" |
| Optimates | Two principal patrician political groups during the later Roman Republic |
| Populares | A grouping in the late Roman Republic which favoured the cause of the plebeians. |
| Patricians | Were originally a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome. |
| Plebians | A commoner, a member of the lower social classes. |
| Equestrians | One of the upper classes in ancient Rome |
| Publicans | Supplied the Roman legions and military, managed the collection of port duties |
| Proletarii | Is the class of wage-earners in an economic society |
| libertus | A freedman or freedwoman is a former slave who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. |
| Augustus | first emperor of the Roman Empire |
| Caligula | Roman Emperor from 37 to 41 CE also known as Gaius Caesar |
| Claudius | Roman Emperor from 41 to 54 CE that extended rule in North Africa and made Britain a province |
| Constantine | first Roman emperor to confess Chrisianity and reigned from 312 to 337 CE |
| Domitian | known for his reign of terror over Senate members from 81 to 96 CE |
| Galba | Roman emperor for 7 months from 68 to 69 CE with corrupt advisers |
| Hadrian | Roman Emperor from 117 to 138 CE who unified the empire and an admirer of Greek civilization |
| Livia | wife of Caesar Augustus |
| Maecenas | Roman diplomat and counselor to Augustus |
| Marcus Aurelius | Roman Emperor best known for his stoic meditations and The Golden Age from 161 to 180 CE |
| Nero | fifth Roman emperor from 54 to 68 CE an dthe stepson off Cladius |
| Octavian | first Roman emperor and Julius Caesar great nephew and adopted son |
| Tiberius | second Roman emperor from 14 to 37 CE and adopted son of Augustus |
| Titus | Roman emperor from 79 to 81 CE and conqueror of Jerusalem in 70 CE |
| Trajan | Roman emperor from 98 ro 117 CE who extended the empire east |
| Vespasian | Roman emperor from 69–79, the fourth, and last |
| Cleopatra | famous Egyptian Queen and lover of Julius Caesar and the wife of Mark Antony |
| Brutus | Roman politican who helped kill Julius Caesar in 44 BCE |
| Cicero | Roman lawyer, scholar, statesman, and writer who tried to keep the Roman Republic from falling |
| Crassus | Roman politician who started the First Triumvirate |
| Julius Caesar | a Roman politician and military general |
| Philippi | hill town of Kavala, Greece where Mark Antony and Octavian fought Brutus and Cassius |
| Pharsalus | where the battle of Pompey and Julius Caesar occured |
| Rubicon | river that separated Gaul from Italy |
| Cato the Younger | leader of the Optimates who tried to preserve the Roman Republic |
| Vercingetorix | cheiftain of the Gallic tribes that rebelled against Rome and got crushed by Julius Caesar |
| Actium | naval battle between Octavian and Marc Antony |
| Marc Antony | Roman general defeated with Cleopatra by Octavian |
