| A | B |
|---|
| What term could be used to describe the national unity and patriotism expressed during the Era of Good Feelings? | nationalism |
| Which innovation increased the dependence on slavery in the South? | cotton gin |
| What were the primary features of the "American System"? | protective tariffs, internal improvements, national bank |
| Which group benefited from protective tariffs? | New England manufacturers |
| Which group benefited from internal improvments? | Western farmers |
| Which internal improvement increased the commercial importance of New York City? | Erie Canal |
| What is Robert Fulton known for? | the steamboat |
| What is John Deere known for? | the steel plow |
| What is Samuel Morse known for? | the telegraph |
| What industry developed in New England during the Industrial Revolution? | textile mills |
| Which compromise was made in Congress to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery? | Missouri Compromise |
| What word is defined as "the economic and social division that developed between the different regions of the United States"? | sectionalism |
| Which Supreme Court decisions increased the powers of the national government during the Era of Good Feelings? | Gibbons v. Ogden; McCullough v. Maryland |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld the supremacy clause and the implied powers of Congress to create a national bank? | McCullough v. Maryland |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld Congress power to regulate interstate commerce? | Gibbons v. Ogden |
| Which group did Andrew Jackson represent? | the common man |
| Which act represents the federal government's policy towards American Indians under the Jackson administration? | Indian Removal Act (1830) |
| Which artistic movement expressed its nationalism by painting romantic scenes of American landscapes? | Hudson River School of Art |
| Which authors are an example of the nationalism expressed during the mid-1800s? | James Fennimore Cooper, Edgan Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne |
| Which foreign policy opposed European intervention in the western hemisphere? | Monroe Doctrine |
| What issue caused the S. Carolina Nullification Crisis of 1832? | the Tariff of Abominations |
| What politicial idea was expressed in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest? | nullification |
| What political ideal was the state of South Carolina attempting to defend during the Nullification Crisis of 1832? | states' rights |
| What action did Andrew Jackson take towards the national bank (B.U.S.)? | veto and put money in pet banks |
| Where did the Jackson administration put federal deposits in its attempt to kill the national bank (B.U.S.)? | pet banks |
| Which reform movement had the goal of ending slavery? | abolitionism |
| Which religious revival resulted in the reform movements of the mid-1800s? | Second Great Awakening |
| Which philosophy emphasized individualism and an appreciation for the "truth and beauty to be found in nature"? | transcendentalism |
| Which trascendentalist author was known for the development of "civil disobedience"? | Henry David Thoreau |
| Which former slave became the publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper "The North Star"? | Frederick Douglass |
| Which abolitionist led the anti-slavery movement as the publisher of "The Liberator"? | William Lloyd Garrison |
| Which reform movement wanted the prohibition of alcohol? | the temperance movement |
| Which reform movement was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott? | women's rights |
| Which reform movement(s) were Sarah and Angelina Grimke known for? | abolitionism and women's rights |
| What historical event is associated with the beginning of the women's rights movement? | Seneca Falls Convention |
| Who is associated with the effort to improve public education during the mid-1800s? | Horace Mann |
| Who is associated with the fight to reform prisons and mental institutions during the mid-1800s? | Dorothea Dix |
| Westward expansion was encouraged by which belief? | Manifest Destiny |
| Which historical event is associated with the Texas war for independence from Mexico? | the Alamo |
| Which sectional issue prevented the annexation of Texas to the Union in 1836? | slavery |
| "54'40 of Fight" is associated with James K. Polk's campaign to acquire which territory? | Oregon |
| Which group moved westward to escape religious persecution? | the Mormons |
| Which conflict was a result of "Manifest Destiny"? | the Mexican War |
| Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Mexican War? | the Mexican Cession |
| Which territories were part of the Mexican Cession? | California, New Mexico and Utah territories |
| Which territorial acquisition completed the modern day borders of the continental United States? | the Gadsden Purchase |
| What did the United States acquire in the Adams-Onis treaty? | Florida |
| Which political party was created to oppose President Andrew Jackson? | Whig party |
| Alexander Graham Bell developed which invention to improve communication? | telephone |
| Which Thomas Edison invention changed American business and social life the most? | the electric light bulb |
| Where did most of the "old" immigrants--those who came before 1890--come from? | western Europe |
| Where did most "new" immigrants come from after 1890? | southern and eastern Europe |
| What was one of the effects of increased immigration to the United States in the late 1800s? | cheap labor, urbanization, ethnic neighborhoods |
| What housing structures were common in urban neighborhoods with a high population of immigrants? | tenements |
| Which act was a result of nativism? | Chinese Exclusion Act |
| Which industry was improved by the Bessemer process? | steel |
| Which industry developed after Edwin Drake's discovery? | oil |
| What industry was controlled by Andrew Carnegie? | steel |
| What was J.P. Morgan associated with? | banking and finance |
| What government policy reduced business regulations? | laissez-faire capitalism |
| Which methods were used by business leaders to grow the size of their companies? | horizontal and vertical integration |
| What business structure was used by John D. Rockefeller to eliminate competition in the oil industry? | trust |
| Why did business leaders create "trusts" in the late 1800s? | to eliminate competition |
| Which theory was used to justify the growing wealth of large businesses and the "captains of industry"? | Social Darwinism |
| What is associated with Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth"? | donating funds to libraries, schools, and hospitals |
| What did workers form to fight for better working conditions in the late 1800s? | labor unions |
| Which labor union wanted radical social change? | The Knights of Labor |
| Which event resulted in the destruction of the Knights of Labor? | Haymarket riot |
| Which labor union focused on obtaining higher wages and better working conditions? | American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
| Who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) | Samuel Gompers |
| What tactic did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) use to obtain higher wages and better working conditions? | strikes and collective bargaining |
| What method did labor unions use to negotiate new contracts for better wages and working conditions? | collective bargaining |
| What method was used by labor unions to stop production when employers would not meet their demands? | strike |
| What tactic did business leaders use to stop strikes? | injunction |
| What did business leaders use to prevent the hiring of union members? | blacklists |
| What did business leaders use to prevent workers from joining labor union? | yellow-dog contracts |
| Which labor union leader is associated with supporting socialism? | Eugene V. Debs |
| What were the organizations that local and state political parties in the late-1800s called? | political machines |
| Which act was passed to prevent trusts from forming monopolies? | Sherman Antitrust Act |
| Which act was passed to regulate railroad freight rates? | Interstate Commerce Act |
| What was the most significant political scandal during the Gilded Age? | Credit Mobilier |
| Which individual became infamous for corruption as the boss of New York City's Tammany Hall political machine? | William M. "Boss" Tweed |
| Which act was passed to reform the civil service system? | Pendleton Act |
| What practice ended as a result of the Pendleton Act? | the "spoils system" |
| What did reformer like Jane Addams establish to aid immigrants in urban areas? | settlement houses |
| Political machines grew in power by attracting the support of which group? | immigrants |
| What motivated migration into California? | Gold Rush |
| What motivated migration into Nevada | silver mines--Comstock Lode |
| Which act was passed to encourage farming on the Great Plains? | Homestead Act |
| What was established by the Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)? | colleges and universities |
| Which groups of people labored to build the transcontinental railroads? | Irish and Chinese immigrants |
| What opened up the Indian territory to homesteading? | Oklahoma Land Rush |
| What internal improvement linked western farms and ranches to eastern cities? | transcontinental railroad |
| What is significant about Promontory Point, Utah (1869)? | completion of the transcontinental railroad |
| What did cattlemen use to bring Texas cattle to railroad shipping centers? | cattle drives |
| What ended the era of open range and cattle drives? | barbed wire and refrigerated rail cars |
| What resource did the nomadic lifestyle of the Plains Indians depend on? | buffalo |
| What did the government use to remove Indians from lands desired by new settlers? | reservations |
| Which battle resulted in a victory by Sioux and Cheyenne warriors over General George Armstrong Custer? | Battle of the Little Bighorn |
| List examples of American Indian leaders who tried to resist being forced onto the reservations. | Sitting Bull (Sioux), Chief Joseph (Nez Perce) |
| Which battle was the last conflict between the government and American Indians? | Wounded Knee (1890) |
| What act was passed to destroy Indian tribal life? | the Dawes Severalty Act |
| What federal Indian policy was implemented under the Dawes Act? | assimilation/"Americanization" |
| What hardships did farmers face in the West? | falling crop prices and high railroad shipping rates |
| What organization did farmers form to protest high freight rates on the railroads? | the Grange |
| What political party was formed by farmers' alliances? | the Populist party |
| What political reforms were supported by the Populists? | secret ballot and direct election of U.S. Senators |
| List the economic reforms supported by the Populists. | government regulation/ownership of the railroads, progressive income tax, bimetallism |
| What money policy was supported by big business and urban interests? | Gold standard |
| What money policy was supported by the Populists? | bimetallism |
| What did Populists hope that the result of an "easy" or "loose" money policy based on bimetallism would be? | inflation--rising crop prices |
| Which legislation was passed to regulate shipping rates on the railroads? | Interstate Commerce Act |
| The "Cross of Gold" speech opposing the Gold Standard was used in the campaign of which presidential candidate in 1896? | William Jennings Bryan |
| Which political party supported the gold standard that was favored by business and urban interests? | Republican party |
| Who won the presidential election of 1896? | William McKinley (Rep.) |
| Which political party adopted the ideas of the Populists? | Democratic party |
| Which progressive movement emphasized providing charity to the poor? | Social Gospel |
| The establishment of Hull House is an example of the Social Gospel movement promoted by which individual? | Jane Addams |
| What reforms reduced the power of political machines? | secret ballot, open primary elections, direct election of U.S. Senators |
| What methods were used in Southern states to disenfranchise African-Americans? | poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| What practice was supported by the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson? | segregation |
| What factors led to increased consumption by Americans in the early 20th century? | mail order catalogs & advertising |
| What were some of the features of the Compromise of 1850? | California added as a free state, popular sovereignty in Utah and N. Mexico, Fugitive Slave Act |
| What method was used to settle the slavery issue in the Kansas-Nebraska Act? | popular sovereignty |
| What was the network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape to freedom called? | Underground Railroad |
| Who is best known for their involvement with the Underground Railroad? | Harriet Tubman |
| Which novel increased sectional division in America on the issue of slavery? | Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| What was the primary issue in the Republican party platform? | no slavery in new states/territories |
| Which court case supported the extension of slavery into new territories? | Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) |
| What issue were the Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial debates about? | slavery in the territories |
| What position is associated with Stephen Douglas's "Freeport Doctrine"? | popular sovereignty |
| Which historical event is an example of John Brown's radical abolitionism? | Harper's Ferry |
| Which historical event resulted in the formation of the Confederacy? | 1860 presidential election of Abraham Lincoln |
| What does "secession" mean? | to separate from the Union |
| Who was the president of the Confederacy? | Jefferson Davis |
| What did the southern states that seceded from the Union call themselves? | The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) or Confederacy |
| What were the primary features of the "Anaconda Plan"? | naval blockade, control the Mississippi River, capture Richmond |
| What was Abraham Lincoln's primary goal in the Civil War? | preserve the union |
| Who became the most important commander of Confederate forces during the Civil War? | Robert E. Lee |
| Which general is most responsible for winning the Civil War? | Ulysses S. Grant |
| Which order issued by Abraham Lincoln made the abolition of slavery a new war-time goal for the Union? | The Emancipation Proclamation |
| Which battle was key turning point in the Civil War, resulting in a defeat of Lee's army? | Gettysburg |
| Which battle gave the Union control over the Mississippi River? | Vicksburg |
| What were the Northern anti-war Democrats called during the Civil War? | copperheads |
| How did Lincoln deal with anti-war protests during the Civil War? | jailing protestors and suspending the writ of habeus corpus |
| Which military campaign tried to destroy the South's resources and support for the war? | Sherman's March to the Sea |
| Where did Lee surrender to Ulysses S. Grant? | Appomattox |
| After the Civil War, what was the re-unification of Southern states into the Union called? | Reconstruction |
| Which Reconstruction plan was the most lenient? | Lincoln's 10% Plan |
| What were the congressmen who wanted to reform Southern society and extend equal rights to African-Americans called? | Radical Republicans |
| What laws did Southern states enact to try and re-establish their control over former slaves? | black codes |
| Which federal agency was established to provide education and other social services to former slaves? | The Freedmen's Bureau |
| What officially freed the slaves? | The Thirteenth Amendment |
| What did the Republicans in Congress enact to grant equal rights and citizenship to the freedmen? | The Civil Rights Act of 1866 |
| Which legislation set conditions for readmission of Southern states and provided federal troops to enforce law and order? | Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 |
| Which amendment guaranteed black male suffrage? | The Fifteenth Amendment |
| Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached? | violating the Tenure of Office Act |
| Which group was formed by ex-Confederates during Reconstruction to terrorize blacks and other Republicans? | Ku Klux Klan |
| Which labor system developed in Southern agriculture during Reconstruction? | share-cropping |
| During Reconstruction, the Republican party in the South was made up of which three groups of people? | scalawags, carpetbaggers, and African-Americans |
| What ended Reconstruction? | The Compromise of 1877 |
| Which Amendment was passed to provide lasting citizenship rights and "equal protection under the law" to African-Americans? | The Fourteenth Amendment |
| Which political figure tried to block the Reconstruction plans proposed by Congress? | President Andrew Johnson |
| After the Compromise of 1877, which president ended Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the South? | Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.) |
| Which political party became the most powerful in the South after Reconstruction ended? | Democratic |
| After Reconstruction ended, what measures were used in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans? | poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| Where did the Civil War begin? | Fort Sumter (1861) |
| What was the first major battle of the Civil War? | First Bull Run (Manassas-1861) |
| What was the primary issue that resulted in secession? | slavery |
| What issue was the primary cause of the Civil War? | states' rights |
| Who could participate in politics during the early years of the Republic? | white male landowners |
| political party founded by Alexander Hamilton? | Federalists |
| What were the main features of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan? | whiskey tax, protective tariffs, assumption of state debts, national bank |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans oppose the creation of a national bank? | strict interpretation of the Constitution--thought it was unconstitutional |
| What law did the Federalists enact to limit immigration and restrict the right to criticize government officials? | Alien & Sedition Acts |
| Which political party believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which resolutions were written to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts? | Virginia and Kentucky Resolves |
| What political idea was established in the Virginia and Kentucky resolves? | nullification |
| What principle is supported by the political idea known as “nullification”? | states' rights |
| What principle did the Supreme Court establish in the case of Marbury v. Madison? | judicial review |
| What was the goal of U.S. foreign policy in the early years of the Republic? | avoid war and foreign alliances |
| What statement was issued by President George Washington to establish a policy of isolationism towards European affairs? | Declaration of Neutrality |
| What warning did President George Washington issue to the nation in his Farewell Address? | maintain neutrality and avoid political parties |
| What treaty enabled western farmers to access the Mississippi River and deposit their goods at the ports in New Orleans? | Pinckney Treaty |
| What treaty was made under the Washington administration in order to avoid war with Great Britain? | Jay Treaty |
| Which issue threatened American sovereignty during the Federalist period? | British forts on American soil |
| Under the Adams administration, what incident resulted in an undeclared naval war against France? | XYZ Affair |
| which territorial acquisition doubles the size of the United States and allowed full access to the Mississippi River? | Louisiana Purchase |
| Which political belief conflicted with Thomas Jefferson’s desire to purchase Louisiana from France? | strict interpretation of the Constitution |
| Who did Thomas Jefferson appoint to explore the Louisiana Territory? | Lewis and Clark |
| Whose aid was essential to the success of the Lewis and Clark expedition? | Sacajawea |
| What act did President Thomas Jefferson sign in order to avoid war with Britain? | Embargo Act of 1807 |
| What term refers to the Congressmen who wanted to declare war against Great Britain? | war hawks |
| Why did the United States declare war against Great Britain in 1812? | impressment, British aid to Native Americans, territorial expansion |
| Why did Tecumseh and Native American tribes ally with the British during the War of 1812? | to stop American settlement on Indian lands |
| What was the result of the political fight over the creation of the national bank? | creation of the two-party system |
| Which battle in the War of 1812 happened after the Treaty of Ghent officially ended the war? | Battle of New Orleans |
| Which treaty opened Indian lands in Ohio to American settlement? | Treaty of Greenville |
| Which individual emphasized the need to create a strong, modern navy? | Alfred Mahan |
| Which literary work is an example of support for Social Darwinism? | White Man's Burden |
| Who is associated with promoting the superiority of "Anglo-Saxon" culture to justify imperialism? | Josiah Strong |
| Which social theory was used to support American expansion in the late 1800s? | Social Darwinism |
| What was the aggressive foreign policy that advocated the use of military power called? | jingoism |
| What goals were reasons for American expansion as a world power in the late 1800s? | naval bases, new markets, jingoism, superiority of Anglo-Saxon culture |
| Which territorial acquisition was referred to as "Seward's Folly"? | Alaska |
| What president supported the annexation of Hawaii? | William McKinley |
| What cause of the Spanish-American war were newspaper editors Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst associated with? | yellow journalism |
| Which event led to the Spanish-American War? | explosion of the U.S.S. Maine |
| Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of Commodore George Dewey's naval victory in the Spanish-American War? | Phillippines |
| Which individual gained fame for leading the "Rough Riders" to victory in Cuba during the Spanish-American War? | Theodore Roosevelt |
| Which legislation resulted in Cuban independence after the Spanish-American War? | Teller amendment |
| Which legislation gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs after the Spanish-American War? | Platt amendment |
| What was President Theodore Roosevelt's aggressive use of power in Latin America called? | "Big stick" diplomacy |
| What is the best example of Theodore Roosevelt's "Big stick" diplomacy? | the Panama canal |
| What was the goal of Secretary of State John Hay's "Open Door" policy? | equal and open trade in China |
| Which event is an example of Chinese opposition to foreign influence? | Boxer Rebellion |
| What role did the U.S. take in Latin America as a result of the Roosevelt Corollary? | international police power |
| Which policy was used by President William Howard Taft to support U.S. business interests in Latin America? | dollar diplomacy |
| Which policy was used by President Woodrow Wilson to support democracy in Latin America? | missionary diplomacy |
| What event resulted in President Woodrow Wilson decision to send U.S. troops into Mexico? | Pancho Villa raids |
| What territories did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Spanish-American War? | Phillippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico |
| The Treaty of Paris (1898) resulted in the U.S. acquisition of which territories from Spain? | Phillippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico |
| Which event drew attention to the issue of unsafe working conditions in the early 1900s? | Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire |
| What were the journalists who supported progressive causes called? | muckrakers |
| Whose investigate report exposed the monopolistic business practices of Standard Oil? | Ida Tarbell |
| Who wrote about the urban slums in "How the Other Half Lives"? | Jacob Riis |
| Who wrote about the corruption of the political machines in "The Shame of the Cities"? | Lincoln Steffens |
| Who wrote about the unsanitary conditions in Chicago's meatpacking plants in "The Jungle"? | Upton Sinclair |
| Which progressive movement emphasized providing charity to the poor? | Social Gospel |
| The establishment of Hull House is an example of the Social Gospel movement promoted by which individual? | Jane Addams |
| Which amendment established the federal income tax? | Sixteenth Amendment |
| Which amendment resulted in the direct election of U.S. Senators? | Seventeenth Amendment |
| Which Amendment resulted in prohibition? | Eighteenth Amendment |
| Which amendment resulted in women's suffrage | Nineteenth Amendment |
| Which case involved Theodore Roosevelt's "trust-busting" that broke up the railroad monopolies? | Northern Securities v. U.S. |
| What action did President Roosevelt take during the Coal Strike of 1902? | arbitration--direct government action |
| What policy did President Roosevelt use to protect the environment? | conservation |
| What acts were part of Roosevelt' "Square Deal"? | Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Elkins Act |
| Which act strengthened the federal government's ability to regulate the railroads? | Mann-Elkins Act |
| What progressive reforms was Wisconsin's Robert M. LaFollette known for? | open primary elections and railroad regulation |
| What reforms reduced the power of political machines? | secret ballot, open primary elections, direct election of U.S. Senators |
| Which progressive reforms gave citizens more power to participate in our democracy? | initiatives, referendums, and recalls |
| What act under the Taft administration angered progressives for failing to lower tariff rates? | Payne-Alldrich Tariff |
| What party supported President Roosevelt's campaign for president in 1912? | Progressive/Bull Moose party |
| Who won the presidential election of 1912? | Woodrow Wilson (Dem.) |
| What was the name of the labor union leader who ran as the Socialist party candidate for president in 1912? | Eugene V. Debs |
| What act was passed under Woodrow Wilson to reform the nation's banking and financial system? | Federal Reserve Act |
| What act was passed under President Woodrow Wilson to strengthen the government's ability to stop trusts from forming monopolies? | Clayton Antitrust Act |
| Which progressive reforms made city government more efficient? | council-manager and commission forms |
| Which court case uphold the doctrine of "separate but equal" (segregation)? | Plessy v. Ferguson |
| Which African-American leader advocated a patient, gradual approach on civil rights? | Booker T. Washington |
| Which African-American leader demanded immediate social and political equality? | W.E.B. Dubois |
| Which institution is an example of Booker T. Washington's commitment to vocational education for African-Americans? | Tuskegee Institute |
| Which Booker T. Washington speech emphasized a patient and gradual approach on civil rights? | Atlanta Compromise |
| Which organization was formed to fight for the civil rights of African-Americans? | NAACP |
| What methods were used in Southern states to disenfranchise African-Americans? | poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| What laws were passed in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans? | Jim Crow |
| Give an example of a tactic used to terrorize and control African-Americans in the late-1800s and early-1900s | lynching |
| What resulted in the migration of southern blacks to Northern cities between 1910-1920? | Great migration |
| This word means "to limit or take away one's right to vote" | disenfranchise |
| What practice was supported by the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson? | segregation |
| What did Henry Ford use to mass produce affordable automobiles for American consumers? | assembly line |
| List an economic reform supported by the Progressives. | regulating big business, lower tariffs |
| Which progressive cause succeeded when the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified? | prohibition of alcohol (temperance) |
| What did Henry Ford produce with the use of the assembly line? | Model-T automobile |
| Which technological change are the Wright brothers known for? | airplanes |
| What factors led to increased consumption by Americans in the early 20th century? | mail order catalogs & advertising |
| Which president represented the end of the progressive era and a "Return to Normalcy" in the 1920s? | Warren G. Harding |
| During the 1920s, which scandal involved the resignation and imprisonment of Warren G. Harding's Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall? | Teapot Dome |
| Which president supported the use of laissez faire economic policies during the 1920s? | Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover (all Republicans) |
| What was a result of speculation and "buying on margin" in the stock market during the 1920s? | The Stock Market Crash of 1929 or "Black Tuesday" |
| Which approach did President Herbert Hoover prefer to deal with the economic crisis of the early 1930s? | rugged individualism and/or voluntary cooperation |
| Which president supported direct relief from government to address the problems of the economic crisis of the 1930s? | Franklin Roosevelt |
| What were the basic characteristics of the business cycle during the 1920s? | economic expansion, overproduction, and speculation |
| Which financial practices encouraged more consumerism during the 1920s? | easy credit and the installment plan |
| Which term referred to the shantytowns built by the homeless during the early stages of the Depression of the 1930s? | Hoovervilles |
| During the Depression of the 1930s, what became common as hunger affected the unemployed? | Soup kitchens and Bread lines |
| Hoover's failure to effectively deal with the Depression was demonstrated by his use of troops against which group? | the Bonus Army |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway represented which group of writers from the 1920s? | The Lost Generation |
| Speakeasies and bootlegging were illegal activities that developed because of which policy during the 1920s? | prohibition |
| Which music was popularized during the 1920s by Louis Armstrong and other African-American entertainers? | Jazz |
| Which new technology was developed for entertainment and information during the 1920s? | radio and "talkies" |
| What did President Franklin Roosevelt use to deliver his "fireside chats" to the American people? | radio |
| Which group represented social change for women during the 1920s? | flappers |
| Which group represented opposition to immigrants and African-Americans during the 1920s? | Ku Klux Klan |
| Which African-American cultural movement is associated with Langston Hughes and jazz music? | The Harlem Renaissance |
| The "Back to Africa" movement and the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) are associated with which African-American leader? | Marcus Garvey |
| During the 1920s, who was associated with the fight to end segregation? | W.E.B. DuBois and NAACP |
| Which event represented the opposition to immigrants during the 1920s? | the Sacco and Vanzetti trial |
| Which event represented the conflict between Christian Fundamentalism and modern science during the 1920s? | the John T. Scopes trial |
| What social group did Aimee Semple McPherson and Billy Sunday represent during the 1920s? | Christian fundamentalists |
| Which reform program did President Franklin Roosevelt propose to deal with the Great Depression? | New Deal |
| What approach did President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal use to deal with the effects of the Great Depression? | direct government relief |
| Which New Deal programs provided jobs to the unemployed? | Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) |
| Which New Deal program increased farmers' incomes? | Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) |
| Which New Deal program regulated business? | National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) |
| Which New Deal program built dams for hydroelectric power? | Tennesse Valley Authority (TVA) |
| Which New Deal Program insured banking deposits to restore public confidence in the banks? | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) |
| Which part of the economy did not prosper during the 1920s? | agriculture/farmers |
| Which group benefited from the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)? | labor unions |
| Which government agency was created under the New Deal to regulate trade in the stock market? | Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) |
| What was one of Franklin Roosevelt's first actions as president to prevent bank failures? | banking holiday and emergency relief |
| What New Deal program provides direct benefits to the elderly, disabled, and unemployed? | Social Security |
| What was established under the Fair Labor Standards Act? | minimum wage and forty-hour work week |
| Why did President Franklin Roosevelt propose legislation to "pack the court" by enlarging the number of justices on the Supreme Court? | to prevent the Court from striking down New Deal legislation (ex. NIRA & AAA) |
| Who represented the most radical political opposition to President Franklin D. Roosevelt? | Huey Long and Father Charles Coughlin |
| List an example that demonstrates how the New Deal resulted in more opportunities for women. | Frances Perkins-first female cabinet member in U.S. history |
| What is the long-term impact of the New Deal? | increased government involvement |
| Which period of Roosevelt's presidency involved a series of emergency measures and government programs to provide direct relief against the Great Depression? | the "First Hundred Days" |
| What were the causes of the Great Depression? | higher tariffs (Hawley-Smoot tariff), bank failures, overproduction, unequal distribution of income |
| Which conditions in Europe were among the causes of World War I? | nationalism, militarism, alliances |
| Which cause of World War I was based on military build-up and a desire to use armed force rather than diplomacy? | militarism |
| What event caused World War I? | assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
| Which nations were among the Allies? | Britain, France, Russia, Italy |
| Which nations were the Central Powers? | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire |
| What was the U.S. foreign policy towards European affairs prior to World War I? | isolationism/neutrality |
| Which event challenged America's ability to remain neutral in World War I? | sinking of the Lusitania |
| During the presidential campaign of 1916, what was Woodrow Wilson's policy towards U.S. involvement in World War I? | neutrality |
| What were the reasons for U.S. entry into World War I? | unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman telegram |
| What did Woodrow Wilson demonstrate in his "Peace without Victory" speech prior to U.S. involvement in World War I? | idealism |
| Where was the Western Front in World War I? | France |
| What type of warfare was used on the Western front? | trench warfare |
| What were some of the new weapons used in World War I? | mustard gas, tanks, U-boats, airplanes, machine guns |
| What caused Russia to withdraw from World War I? | Bolshevik (communist) revolution |
| Who was the commander of the "Doughboys" in the American Expeditionary Force during World War I? | John J. Pershing |
| What did Congress enact to draft troops during World War I? | Selective Service Act |
| What did the U.S. government do to mobilize for war in World War I? | draft, propaganda, rationing |
| What was the purpose of the U.S. government's Committee on Public Information? | to produce propaganda |
| How did the U.S. government finance the war effort during World War I? | issuing liberty bonds |
| What was the purpose of the War Industries Board during World War I? | regulate business to increase war production |
| What did Congress enact to limit free speech and prevent anti-war activism during World War I? | Espionage and Sedition Acts |
| Who was prosecuted by the government for their anti-war activism during World War I? | Eugene V. Debs; Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld the government's ability to limit free speech during a time of "clear and present danger"? | Schenck v. United States (1919) |
| What did the Food administration encourage during World War I? | rationing |
| How were women rewarded for their contributions to the war effort during World War I? | 19th Amendment |
| What were Wilson's plans for peace after World War I called? | Fourteen points |
| Which international organization was advocated in Wilson's Fourteen points? | League of Nations |
| Which nations were the "Big Four" that created the Treaty of Versailles? | Britain, France, United States, Italy |
| What part of the Treaty of Versailles was strongly supported by Woodrow Wilson? | creation of the League of Nations |
| What was a result of the Treaty of Versailles? | punishment of Germany; League of Nations |
| What part of the Treaty of Versailles resulted in Senator Henry Cabot Lodges efforts to oppose the Treaty? | League of Nations |
| Which event was an example of U.S. involvement in world affairs after World War I? | Washington Naval Conference, Dawes Plan |
| List an example of American opposition to communist influence during the "Red Scare" of 1919-1920. | Palmer raids (A. Mitchell Palmer) |
| Which fascist dictator rose to power in Italy during the 1920s? | Benito Mussolini |
| In which nations did totalitarian dictatorships form during the 1920s and 1930s? | Italy, Nazi Germany, Soviet Union |
| Which communist dictator rose to power in the Soviet Union durin the 1920s? | Josef Stalin |
| Creating the "Third Reich" was a goal of which totalitarian dictator? | Adolf Hitler |
| What were the Neutrality Acts during the 1930s an example of? | isolationism in the United States |
| What exemplified the genocide committed against Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II? | the "Final Solution" or Holocaust |
| What speech was a response by President Roosevelt against Japanese aggression in Asia? | Quarantine Speech |
| Which policy did the British and French use in the Munich pact to avoid war with Nazi Germany? | appeasement |
| What alliance did Josef Stalin make with Adolf Hitler to avoid war with Nazi Germany? | non-aggression pact |
| What term refers to Nazi Germany's military conquest of western Europe? | blitzkreig |
| What acts allowed the United States to aid Britain with military supplies? | Lend-Lease |
| During World War II, which nations were the Axis powers? | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Which event resulted in the beginning of World War II in Europe? | Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland |
| "We shall never surrender" was expressed by which leader of Great Britain during World War II? | Winston Churchill |
| Which battle prevented the German invasion of Britain during World War II? | Battle of Britain |
| What event brought the U.S. into World War II? | Pearl Harbor |
| What was the U.S. military strategy in the Pacific against the Japanese during World War II? | island hopping |
| Who commanded American forces in the Pacific during World War II? | General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz |
| Who was the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II? | General Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Which battle was the turning point that resulted in the halt of Japanese expansion in the Pacific during World War II? | Midway |
| Which battle was the turning point that resulted in Nazi Germany's defeat on the eastern front in the Soviet Union? | Stalingrad |
| Which battles were part of the island-hopping campaign to defeat Japan during World War II? | Iwo Jima, Okinawa |
| Which military campaign was the turning point that resulted in the successful Allied invasion of France during World War II? | D-Day (Operation Overlord) |
| Which battle represented the final offensive by Nazi Germany during World War II? | Battle of the Bulge |
| What goal did the leaders of the Allies set at the Potsdam conference during World War II? | unconditional surrender of Japan |
| What scientific project resulted in the creation of the atomic bomb during World War II? | Manhattan Project |
| Who became the president of the United States after the death of Franklin Roosevelt? | Harry Truman |
| What did President Truman do during World War II to achieve a final victory over Japan? | used atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| What event is an example of the international trial of Axis war leaders after World War II? | Nuremberg trials |
| Which act provided low-cost home loans and free college tuition to World War II veterans? | the G.I. bill |
| Which war-time policy was challenged in the case of Korematsu v. United States (1944)? | Japanese internment---violation of civil liberties |
| What war-time policy affected daily life on the Homefront during World War II? | rationing |
| What important role did women play, as exemplified by "Rosie the riveter" during World War II? | war production---working in weapons and war material factories |
| What term is used to describe the large generation of Americans born in the decade following World War II? | Baby boomers |
| The mass-production of affordable homes in the suburbs after World War II began with the construction of which development? | Levittown |
| What was established after World War II that utilizes internationalism to maintain world peace? | United Nations |
| Which war-time conference resulted in the Allied occupation of Germany and Berlin that led to the Cold War? | Yalta |
| What was the long period of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union called after World War II? | the Cold War |
| Which plan was developed to provide aid for rebuilding Europe after World War II? | the Marshall plan |
| The Truman Doctrine established which policy to stop the spread of communism? | containment |
| What was the Truman administration's goal in the Korean War? | containment |
| What was President Eisenhower's strategy for containment of communism? | brinkmanship |
| Which incident damaged President Eisenhower's opportunity to improve U.S. relations with the Soviet Union? | U-2 incident |
| Which event damaged the Kennedy administration's attempt to contain communism during the Cold War? | Bay of Pigs |
| Which event nearly resulted in the Kennedy administration's use of force against the Soviet Union during the Cold War? | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| What symbolized Soviet leader Nikita Kruschev's attempt to strengthen Soviet control in Berlin during the Cold War? | Berlin Wall |
| Which conflict was an example of a UN police action to contain communism? | Korean War |
| What international alliance was created during the Cold War to defend western Europe against Soviet aggression? | N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) |
| What is associated with the Red Scare of the 1950s? | McCarthyism, Hollywood blacklists, House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) |
| What feature of American social life was a response to the threat of nuclear attack during the Cold War | bomb shelters and "duck and cover" drills |
| What was President Truman's "Fair Deal"? | progressive reforms---national healthcare, federal support for education, civil rights |
| Which act was passed to limit strikes and weaken labor unions like the AFL-CIO? | Taft-Hartley Act |
| What event resulted in new legislation to improve science and math education for the purpose of national defense during the Cold War? | Sputnik |
| What technology had the greatest impact on American social life during the 1950s? | television and automobiles |
| What action was led by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. to protest segregated busing? | Montgomery bus boycott |
| What ended segregation in public schools? | Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
| Which group's action resulted in the Eisenhower administration's use of troops to integrate the public schools? | the Little Rock Nine |
| What method did C.O.R.E. and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (S.N.C.C.) use to protest segregation in public restaurants? | sit-ins |
| What was the goal of the "Freedom Riders"? | end segregation in interstate busing |
| The "March on Washington" was an event to support which cause? | civil rights for African-Americans |
| Which civil rights campaign had the goal of increasing black voter registration in Mississippi? | Freedom Summer (1964) |
| Which legislation banned segregation in public accomodations and discrimination in hiring practices? | Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| Which legislation resulted in increased protections for African-American voters? | Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
| Which African-American leader is an example of radicalism in the civil rights movement? | Malcolm X |
| Stokely Carmichael of SNCC is associated with promoting which radical civil rights movement? | Black Power |
| Which civil rights group promoted militant actions against racism and police brutality? | Black Panthers |
| Which book did Betty Friedan write to criticize the limits placed on women by society? | The Feminine Mystique |
| Which reform movement are Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem associated with? | Women's liberation or Feminism |
| Which organization played a leading role in the women's liberation movement? | National Organization for Women (NOW) |
| Which court decision was celebrated by the women's liberation movement because it guaranteed the constitutional right to have an abortion? | Roe v. Wade |
| Which constitutional amendment did the women's liberation movement support? | Equal Rights Amendment |
| Which federal regulation requires schools to provide equal access for women to educational and athletic opportunities? | Title IX |
| Who is associated with leading the movement to improve the lives of Latino farm workers? | Cesar Chavez |
| What were some of the results of environmentalism in the 1960s and 1970s? | Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
| Which reform movement gained more attention as a result of Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"? | environmentalism |
| What was the goal of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society? | end poverty and racial discrimination |
| What were some of the results of Lyndon B. Johnson's "war on poverty"? | Medicaid, VISTA, Medicare, Food stamps, Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Head Start |
| Which decision made under the Warren Court expanded the rights of criminal suspects? | Miranda v. Arizona |
| What was the goal of American military involvement in Vietnam? | containment |
| Which resolution enabled President Lyndon Johnson to increase America's involvement in Vietnam? | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
| Which bombing campaign did the Johnson administration begin after the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? | Operation Rolling Thunder |
| During the Vietnam War, U.S. military operations were conducted against which opponent(s)? | North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and the Vietcong |
| What did the U.S. military use to destroy the jungle hiding places of the Vietcong and NVA? | Napalm and Agent Orange |
| What was the turning point that resulted in a loss of public support for President Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War? | Tet Offensive |
| Which group organized protests against U.S. military involvement in Vietnam? | Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) |
| Which 1960s social movement is associated with the Haight-Ashbury section of San Francisco? | counter-culture or "hippies" |
| Which event represented the counter-culture? | Woodstock |
| Which 1960s social movement is associated with rock n' roll music, sexual revolution, and increased drug use? | counter-culture |
| Which event's disruption demonstrated the division in American society created by the Vietnam War? | the Democratic National Convention of 1968 |
| Which candidate was assassinated during the 1968 presidential campaign? | Robert Kennedy |
| Which presidential candidate was elected in 1968 by promising "peace with honor" in Vietnam and "law and order" at home? | Richard Nixon |
| What was President Richard Nixon's strategy in Vietnam? | Vietnamization |
| What military action did Richard Nixon take that resulted in massive anti-war protests in the United States? | invading Cambodia & Laos |
| Which incident did the anti-war movement use to focus on atrocities committed by U.S. soldiers in Vietnam? | My Lai Incident |
| Which war-time issue was involved in the case of NY Times v. U.S.? | freedom of the press |
| Which classified documents damaged American credibility in the Vietnam War after they were released to the public? | Pentagon Papers |
| In which event did anti-war protests against Nixon's invasion of Cambodia result in national guardsmen firing on student protestors? | Kent State |
| Which constitutional amendment resulted in suffrage for 18-year olds? | 26th Amendment |
| Which agreement resulted in the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Vietnam? | Paris Peace Accords |
| Which act was passed by Congress to limit President Nixon's ability to use the U.S. military in Vietnam? | War Powers Act (1973) |
| Which theory resulted in U.S. military involvement in Vietnam? | Domino theory |
| What was President Nixon's foreign policy to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China called? | Detente |
| What event symbolized the failure to prevent the spread of communism in Vietnam? | Fall of Saigon (1975) |
| Whose policy is associated with "New Federalism" involving the return of some powers to the states? | President Richard Nixon |
| Which practice was upheld by the Supreme Court's decision in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (1971)? | forced busing/integration programs |
| Which practice was upheld by the Supreme Court in the case of Bakke v. University of California Board of Regents (1978)? | affirmative action |
| Which movement was a result of Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"? | environmentalism |
| What economic problems did the United States face during the 1970s? | energy crisis, stagflation |
| What problem was President Ford addressing with his WIN program? | inflation/stagflation |
| What was a result of the energy crisis during the 1970s? | high energy prices, conservation |
| Which incident resulted in increased fears of using nuclear power in the United States? | Three Mile Island |
| Which cabinet-level department was created under President Carter to encourage conservation and the development of alternative energy sources? | Department of Energy |
| Which scandal resulted in the resignation of President Nixon? | Watergate |
| Which court decision ordered President Nixon to release the White House tapes to the Senate Watergate committee? | U.S. v. Nixon |
| Who became the president of the United States after Nixon resigned from office? | Gerald Ford |
| Which candidate won the presidential election of 1976 by promising to restore faith and honesty in government once again? | Jimmy Carter |
| What peace treaty was negotiated between Israel and Egypt by President Jimmy Carter? | Camp David Accords |
| Which event resulted in a loss of public confidence in President Carter's ability to deal with Islamic radicalism? | Iran Hostage crisis |
| What was Ronald Reagan's missile defense plan called? | Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) or "Star Wars" |
| Which scandal involved the Reagan administration's foreign policy? | Iran-Contra |
| Which Soviet leader introduced reforms in the Soviet Union? | Mikhail Gorbachev |
| Which treaty was made between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles? | INF treaty |
| Which event symbolized the fall of communism in eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War? | the fall of the Berlin Wall |
| Which event represented student protest against communism in China at the end of the Cold War? | Tiananmen square |
| What event was the result of international military action against Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990? | Persian Gulf War |
| Where did Ronald Reagan send U.S. troops to turn back communism in the 1980s? | Grenada |
| Where did President George H.W. Bush send supplies and troops in order to end civil war and famine in 1993? | Somalia |
| Which term could be used to describe the Justices that presidents Reagan and Bush appointed to the Supreme Court such as William Rehnquist, Sandra Day O'Conner, and Clarence Thomas? | conservative |
| What economic policy was implemented by President Reagan? | Supply-side economics |
| What were the primary features of Reagan's supply-side economic policies | tax cuts and deregulation |
| Cutting taxes to create wealth is an example of which economic theory? | "trickle down" |
| What was the primary economic problem under presidents Reagan and Bush during the 1980s and early 1990s? | budget deficits |
| What was the coalition of conservative interest groups called that supported Ronald Reagan for president in 1980? | New Right |
| Which policy has resulted in more racial and ethnic diversity in colleges and the workplace? | affirmative action |
| Which candidate won the presidential election of 1992 by campaigning as a moderate "New Democrat"? | Bill Clinton |
| Which third-party candidate influenced the presidential election of 1992? | Ross Perot |
| Where did President Clinton send U.S. troops as part of an international effort to stop genocide? | Bosnia |
| Which president led the international military action against Saddam Hussein in the Persian Gulf War of 1991? | George H.W. Bush |
| Which controversial reform proposed by the Clinton administration failed due to a lack of political support? | national health care plan |
| What agreement increased trade by eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico? | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
| Which plan for conservative ideas was developed by Congressman Newt Gingrich in 1994? | Contract with America |
| On which issue did political disagreements between Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich and President Bill Clinton lead to a government shut-down in 1995? | budget battle |
| What government program was reformed by the Republican Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1996? | welfare |
| Amnesty proposals and bilingual education programs are a result of which change in recent years? | increased immigration |
| Recent immigration has resulted in which group becoming the largest ethnic minority in the United States? | Hispanics |
| Which area of the country has had the fastest population growth in recent decades? | Sunbelt |
| What technology became widely available in the 1980s? | computers |
| What technology resulted in a boom in the NASDAQ during the 1990s? | Internet |
| Which individual is best known for his involvement in the computer revolution of the 1980s and 1990s? | Bill Gates |
| What was Bill Clinton impeached for in the Monica Lewinsky scandal? | obstruction of justice and lying under oath |
| Which government programs are going to be affected by the "graying of America" in recent years? | Social Security and Medicare |
| Which court decision halted the Florida recounts in the presidential election of 2000? | Bush v. Gore |
| Which legislation was enacted under the Bush administration to reform public education through increased accountability and school choice? | No Child Left Behind |
| Which terrorist network attacked the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on Sept. 11, 2001? | Al-Queda |
| Which cabinet-level department was created after the Sept. 11 attacks to coordinate counter-terrorism and emergency response efforts? | Department of Homeland Security |
| What government action affected American daily life the most after the Sept. 11 attacks? | airport security |
| After the Sept. 11 attacks, what legislation was passed to improve the government's ability to investigate terrorist threats? | Patriot Act |
| The Patriot Act and the need to maintain national security after the Sept. 11 attacks sometimes comes in conflict with which freedom? | civil liberties |
| Who did the United States take military action against immediately after the Sept. 11 attacks? | Taliban regime in Afghanistan |
| Which nations did President George W. Bush refer to as an "Axis of Evil" after the Sept. 11 attacks? | Iraq, Iran, and North Korea |
| What has been the result of the Bush doctrine to prevent attacks against the United States? | pre-emptive strikes--invasion of Iraq |
| Which national security issue puts the U.S. at increased risk of nuclear attack by terrorist groups or rogue nations? | nuclear proliferation |
