| A | B |
|---|
| secede | to officially leave an organization |
| civil war | a conflict between citizens of the same country |
| border state | state on the border between the North and South |
| enlist | to formally join a military force |
| tributary | stream or smaller river that feeds a larger river |
| ironclad | a warship equipped with iron plating for protection |
| casualty | a soldier who is killed, wounded, captured, or missing in battle |
| Emancipation Proclamation | decree issued by President Lincoln freeing enslaved people in those parts of the Confederacy still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 |
| habeas corpus | a legal writ or order, that guarantees a prisoner the right to be heard in court |
| draft | a system of selecting people for required military service |
| bounty | reward or payment |
| greenback | paper money issued by the federal government |
| entrench | placed within a trench or ditch for defense; placed in a strong defensive position |
| flank | the side or edge of a military formation |
| resistance | refusal to surrender or give in |
| total war | a strategy of bringing war to the entire society, not just the military |
| First Battle of Bull Run | first major battle of the American Civil War |
| commodore | a naval officer of high rank, in particular an officer in the US Navy or Coast Guard ranking above captain and below rear admiral |
| Battle of Antietam | the deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater |
| artillery | large-caliber guns used in warfare on land (e.g., cannons) |
| technology | the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes |
| rifle | a gun, especially one fired from shoulder level, having a long spirally grooved barrel intended to make a bullet spin and thereby have greater accuracy over a long distance |
| blockade | an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving |
| substitution | gave a drafted person the choice to pay someone who was willing to serve in their place |
| confederacy | a league or alliance, especially of confederate states |
| riot | a violent disturbance of the peace by a crowd |
| Battle of Vicksburg | a decisive Union victory during the American Civil War that divided the Confederacy |
| inflation | a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money |
| ration | a limited amount of something that one person is allowed to have |
| typhoid | a life-threatening bacterial infection caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria. It's also known as enteric fever. Typhoid is usually spread through contaminated food or water, especially in places with poor sanitation and water treatment |
| dysentery | infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus |
| malaria | a serious and potentially fatal disease caused by a parasite that infects a type of mosquito and is then transmitted to humans through its bite |
| flank | the right or left side of a body of people such as an army, a naval force |
| siege | a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside |
| Battle of Gettysburg | This 1863 battle in Pennsylvania was seen as a turning point in the Civil War |
| Thirteenth Amendment | abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime |
| Gettysburg Address | a speech that U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery |
| entrenched | firmly established and difficult or unlikely to change |
| March to the Sea | an American Civil War campaign lasting from November 15 to December 21, 1864, in which Union Major General William Tecumseh Sherman led troops through the Confederate state of Georgia, pillaging the countryside and destroying both military outposts and civilian properties |
| total war | a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded |
| Juneteenth | a holiday celebrated on June 19 to commemorate the emancipation of enslaved people in the US |
| theater | an area in which important military events occur or are in progress |
