| A | B |
|---|
| Crusades | each of a series of medieval military expeditions made by Europeans to the Holy Land in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries |
| isolation | being in a place or situation that is separate from others |
| classical | relating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture |
| Renaissance | the revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th centuries |
| technology | the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry |
| astrolabe | an instrument formerly used to make astronomical measurements, typically of the altitudes of celestial bodies, and in navigation for calculating latitude |
| magnetic compass | device that shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and geographic orientation |
| caravel | a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th–17th centuries |
| cape | a very large piece of land sticking out into the sea |
| conquistador | a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century |
| immunity | the state or quality of being resistant to a particular infectious disease |
| pueblo | a North American Indian settlement of the southwestern US, especially one consisting of multistoried adobe houses built by the Pueblo people |
| mission | religious community |
| presidio | a fortified Spanish military settlement |
| mercantilism | an economic theory developed in the 16th to 18th centuries that says that a government should control the economy and that a nation should increase its wealth by selling more than it buys from other nations |
| export | send (goods or services) to another country for sale |
| import | bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale |
| colony | a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country |
| Reformation | a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches |
| Protestantism | forms of Christian doctrine which are generally regarded as Protestant rather than Catholic or Eastern Orthodox |
| armada | a fleet or group of warships |
| Northwest Passage | the sea lane between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Arctic Archipelago of Canada |
| Columbian Exchange | the process by which plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas have been introduced from Europe, Asia, and Africa to the Americas and vice versa |
| tenant farmer | a person who farms rented land |
| archipelago | a group of islands |
| smallpox | an acute contagious viral disease, with fever and pustules usually leaving permanent scars. It was effectively eradicated through vaccination by 1979 |
