| A | B |
|---|
| point mutation | a mutation that is caused by a change in a nucleotide;could chang only one amino acid in the protein. |
| translocation | occurs when part of one chromosome is exchanged with another nonhomologous chromosome. |
| inversion | occurs when part of a chromosome becomes oriented in the reverse of its usual direction |
| nondisjunction | a mutation that is caused by the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis; causes Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome |
| frameshift mutation | an addition or subtraction of a nucleotide in the DNA strand; may completely change the amino acids in the protein. |
| deletion | occurs when part of a chromosome is left out |
| chromosome mutation | A mutation that involves parts of chromosomes, whole chromosomes, or even whole sets of chromosomes; includes deletions, insertions, inversions, and translocations |
| gene mutation | a mutation in individual genes; affects the nucleotide of the DNA molecule; incudes point mutations and frameshift mutations |
| insertion | occurs when a segment of a chromosome is repeated |
| Down Syndrome | genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21; individual can be male or female and has some form of mental retardation. |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | a person with this disorder has 47 chormosomes and the sex chromosomes XXY; individual is male, sterile, and not mentally retarded |
| Turner Syndrome | a person with 45 chromosomes and the sex chromosome X; individual is female, sterile, and not mentally retarded. |
| trisomy | means three chomosomes |
| autosomes | pairs of matching homologous chromosomes in a cell that are similar in males and females. |
| sex chromosomes | In humans, the 23rd pair of chromosomes that determine if an organism will be male or female. |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell division |
| karyotype | a chart or picture of chromosome pairs |
| mutagen | any agent that causes a change in DNA. |
| mutation | any change in the genetic sequence |
| reproductive cell mutations | mutations that can be passed on to offspring |
| mutagen examples | radiation, high temperature, UV rays, and chemicals. |
| body cell mutations | may affect the gene that controls cell division. |
