Ecological succession is the sequence of change in the species composition of a community. Patterns and causes of ecological succession are varied, but species that first colonize a site often alter the conditions under which later-arriving species grow. Primary succession begins with the establishment of organisms on newly available sites that previously had no organisms. Secondary succession begins when organisms reestablish themselves on disturbed sites where some organisms survived the disturbance. Indicate whether each of the following is an example of Primary or Secondary succession.
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